Main Economic Forecasts Essay -- Economics Economy Economical Essays

Main Economic ForecastsThe main economic forecasts used to clear the general outlook of the economy included the Congressional calculate Office (CBO) forecast, the Administrations Forecast, the Blue Chip consensus forecasts and the Mortgage Bankers companionship (MBA) forecast. Not all forecasts contained the required indicators for the elect indicators employment growth, interest rates, housing starts, and business investment. For this reason, the analysis focused on a combination of the forecasts to understand the relationships among the indicators. Gleaning the economic forecasts led to a general apprehension of the economy. Conducting further research on the economic forecasts led to a richer understanding of the selected indicators. The focuses of the economic forecasts were documentaryistic gross domestic product (gross domestic product) and unemployment. The selected forecasts discussed real GDP and unemployment in depth to give the reader a general understanding of how the economy might respond in the next two years. According to the MBA, real GDP will drop in 2005 in comparison with 2004 and continue to falling off in 2006. In 2007, real GDP will increase slightly in comparison to the previous year. The MBA states the percent change in annual rates will be 4.4 in 2004, 3.8 in 2005, 3.3 in 2006 and 3.5 in 2007. According to CBO, real GDP will decrease in 2005 compared to 2004 GDP will decrease further in 2006 and continue to decrease during the 2007 through 2010. The CBO states the percentage change of real GDP was 4.4 in 2004, will be 3.8 in 2005, 3.7 in 2006 and 3.3 on average for the years 2007-2010. The Blue Chip consensus believes real GDP will decrease in 2005 compared to 2004, and continue to descend for the next two years, 2006 and 2007. Blue Chip consensus states real GDP for 2004 as 4.4, 2005 will be 3.7, 3.4 in 2006 and 3.5 in 2007. The professorships administration believes real GDP will decrease in 2005 compared to 2004 and will con tinue to decrease in the next two years as well. According to the Presidents administration, real GDP for 2004 was 4.4 and will be 3.7 for 2005, 3.7 for 2006 and 3.5 for 2007. The MBA believes the unemployment rate will decrease from 5.5 in 2004 to 5.2 in 2005 and continue to descend to 5.1 in 2006 and 2007. The CBO believes that unemployment will decrease from 5.5 in 2004 to 5.2 in 2005 and remain at 5.2 through 2010. Blue C... ...f Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved April 20, 2005 from http//www.bea.doc.gov/Housing and interest rate forecast. National Association of Home Builders. Retrieved April 21, 2005, from http//www.nahb.org/generic.aspx?sectionID=138&genericContentID=631&print=trueHR compensation continues to rise Rising compensation reflects an improving economy and HRs role in corporate growth. HR Magazine. Retireved from http//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_11_49/ai_n6359691MBA long-term economic forecast. Mortgage Bankers Association. Retrieve d April 20, 2005, from http//www.mortgagebankers.org/MBA long-term mortgage finance forecast. Mortgage Bankers Association.. Retrieved April 22, 2005 from http//www.mortgagebankers.org/MBA is most accurate. Federal Reserve of Atlanta. Retrieved April 24, 2005 from http//www.census.gov/The budget and economic outlook An update. Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved April 20, 2005 from http//www.cbo.gov/ Real investment in fixed assets and consumer durable goods, 1999-2003. U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieve April 20, 2005 from http//www.bea.doc.gov/

The Line Between Feudalism and Capitalism :: Economics Economical Government Papers

The Line Between Feudalism and CapitalismWe consider America to be a capitalist nation, but what exactly makes it capitalist? Websters dictionary defines capitalism as an economic dodging in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and interchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especi bothy as contrasted to cooperatively or state owned wealth. Capitalism affects the spate in it on a daily basis it affects the way they live their daily lives. A break down in this, supposedly perfect, economic system may occur resulting in a case of feudalism. This can still be found today even, in America. Feudalism is defined in Websters dictionary as a system of political organizations prevailing in Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries having as its basis the relation of lord to vassal with all land held in fee and as chief characteristics homage, the service of tenants under arms and in court, ward ship, and forfeiture. There are defined social differences and similarities in the midst of capitalism and feudalism these differences can be foregathern when comparing and contrasting the reality-based movies Norma Rae and Matewan. There are many similarities between Norma Rae and Matewan making it hard at times to see which economic system is feudalism and which is capitalism. These similarities cause confusion, even today, in deciding what can be considered feudalism and what can be considered capitalism. This is because in both systems the employers agree a significant amount of control over their employees lives. Both movies are about employees in large factory situations trying to better their working conditions by unionizing the company.Neither the Stone Mountain Coal Company, in Matewan nor the O.P. Henley Textile Mill, in Norma Rae seemed to truly care about the welfare of their employees. For example, in Matewan the burn miners were suffering from the coal dust cutti ng their lungs. This problem could have been easily alleviated, had the company cared, by providing the employees with masks. Another major problem was the premature explosions in the mine, which were also caused by coal dust and often resulted in death. This problem would have been more difficult to remedy, but it could have been done. The company just didnt care enough about the lives of its workers to give the money necessary to correct the problem.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Chil

The use of several therapeutic methods to treat children with PTSD increases the argument among clinicians somewhat the most strong treatment for PTSD. The clinical literature describes a wide variety of interventions besides CBT including, psychoanalytic techniques, creative arts, play therapy, crisis intervention, eye movement desensitization and re bear upon, and pharmacotherapy which raises the question about what could be the most effective treatment for children with PTSD (Cohen, Mannarino & Rogal 2001). Several of these therapies have been recognized as effective PTSD treatments. For instance, Eye-Movement Desensitization and Processing (EMDR), has become an increasingly accepted treatment modality for childhood PTSD however, very few physicians recommend its use (Cohen, et al. 2001). EMDR is a PTSD treatment in which clients are active to visually track the therapists finger being rapidly wave back and forth as they engage with the trauma memory (Feeny et al. (2004). In a controlled study that examined the efficacy of EMDR on children with PTSD who were victims of natural disasters, Chemtob, Nakashima, & Carlson (2002), found that EMDR was an effective treatment to decrease or eliminate PTSD symptoms of these traumatized children. Chemtob and colleagues documented that 56.3% of the children no longer met criteria for PTSD according to the Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (CPTSD-RI) cut off. Empirical knowledge with regard to EMDR is quite comparable to the effectuality of psychotropic medications they have provided some support as effective PTSD treatment. However, these treatments have been far from unanimous in the demonstration of their effectiveness (Friedman, 1997). Despite the findings tha... ...ychiatric disorders associated with posttraumatic filtrate disorder in the general population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 469478.Trowell, J., Kolvin, I., Weeramanthri, T., Sadowski, H., Berelowitz, M., Galsser, D., et al. (2002). Psychotherapy for sexually abused girls Psychopathological outcome findingsand patterns of change. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 234246.Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002). A comparison of cognitive processing therapy, prolonged exposure, and a waiting condition for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 867879.Zayfert, C., DeVita, J. (2004). Residual Insomnia Following cognitive Behavioral Therapy for PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 17, No. 1, February 2004, pp. 6973 ( 2004).

Christopher Columbus Essay example -- History

Christopher capital of Ohio is credited as the audacious voyager who challenged modern thinking and found the earthly concern now known as the Americas. Columbus not only discovered new lands, but also opened trade with natives and brought substantial wealth and halo to the major European powers. In addition, his ventures not only enabled the spread of the gospel to pagan peoples, but also set the stage for the emergence of the United States of America. Without Christopher Columbus the United States would not have been a separate state for over 500 years or more or not at all. However, contempt all that Columbus did, people still fail to recognize the tribulations he undertook before he set off in his first ship. The public is uneffective to comprehend, despite years of education, the internal struggles and the ridicule Columbus was forced to endure for just believing in what he thought was correct (Philips 13). His courage in the face of this ridicule is what makes Columbus a na tional hero in that age as well as now. Christopher Columbus acts of perseverance, his moral courage, and his adventurous timber continue to inspire the people of today. Through this intercourse, Christopher Columbus work has not ended, for it is everlasting as it persists to imbue the people of today with the ability to succeed in the face of an unknown future. Christopher Columbus perseverance and persistence have long been a trait of the philosophy of modern thinking. Columbus displayed high acts of persistence as he rode the waves of uncertainty to the land of success. When Columbus sought audience with King of Portugal in 1485, he was humiliatingly denied funding for his proposed idea to sail west to play to India. If Columbus had given up at this first sign of failure... ...make our decisions accordingly. Works Cited123Holiday. Christopher Columbus Biography. Columbus Day. Microsoft Encarta, 2 May 2003. Web. 27 Nov. 2010 http//columbusday.123holiday.net/christopher_columbus .html.Cohen, J.M. (1969) The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus macrocosm His Own Log-Book, Letters and Dispatches with Connecting Narrative Drawn from the invigoration of the Admiral by His Son Hernando Colon and Others. London UK Penguin Classics.Davidson, Miles H. (1997) Columbus Then and Now A Life Reexamined, Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press.Khurana, Simran. Quotations Hope. Quotes Quotations. 2001. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. .Phillips, W. D. and C. R. Phillips (1992) The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press.

An Image of Africa Essay -- Literary Analysis, Joseph Conrad

An figure of AfricaHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad has been depicted as among the half-dozen greatest short novels in the English language. pg.1 Chinua Achebe believes otherwise. In Chinua Achebes An Image of Africa Racism is Conrads Heart of Darkness he barely states that, Joseph Conrad was a thoroughgoing racist pg.5Achebe argues that the racist observed in the Heart of Darkness is denotative due to the western psychology or as Achebe states desire, this being to show Africa as an antithesis to Europe. He first states Conrad as one of the great stylists of modern fiction. pg.1 He praises Conrads talents in writing exactly believes Conrads obvious racism has not been addressed. He later describes in more detail that Conrads methods numerate to no more than a steady, ponderous, fake-ritualistic repetition of two antithetical sentences.Allow me to elaborate by stating some of Achebes arguments and my critiques. Achebe first points on Conrads adjectival insistence upon inexpre ssible and incomprehensible mystery. He states that many of Conrads critics simply see this as a stylistic flaw. Achebe believes that Conrads choose the role of purveyor of comfort myths, this being, according to Achebe, to guarantee him not to be in conflict with the psychological predisposition of the reader. pg.2He first moves to analyzing Conrads distinction of the two rivers in the novel, but later moved to a more important topic, the racism towards blacks in the novel. He argues that their lack of speech is viewed as dehumanized. Achebe believes that Conrad views dialect as being a downgrade. This relation to Conrads withholding of language from his rudimentary souls. pg.7 His first claim is of the dis... ...ation of Central Africa. pg.6 Achebe states that Conrads image of Africa is not of his own, but of the Western imagination and that Conrad is simply showing the norm. Achebes main point is as much of Joseph Conrads racism but more of Western societys destiny for change . We need to look beyond the stereotypical image that which the West holds to its heart.pg.8 We moldiness look in todays society, todays media and books read in schools. We must realize that offering bribes to the West in return for its good opinion of Africa pg.9 is preposterous. He sees now as the time for change. He doesnt but hellish of Conrad but on western society. The victims of racist slander who for centuries have had to live with the inhumanity it makes them heir to have always known better than any day-after-day visitor even when he comes loaded with the gifts of a Conrad.pg.9

An Image of Africa Essay -- Literary Analysis, Joseph Conrad

An Image of AfricaHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad has been depicted as among the half-dozen greatest short novels in the English language. pg.1 Chinua Achebe believes otherwise. In Chinua Achebes An Image of Africa Racism is Conrads Heart of Darkness he simply states that, Joseph Conrad was a thoroughgoing racist pg.5Achebe argues that the racist observed in the Heart of Darkness is expressed due to the western psychology or as Achebe states desire, this being to show Africa as an antithesis to Europe. He first states Conrad as one of the great stylists of modern fiction. pg.1 He praises Conrads talents in writing but believes Conrads obvious racism has non been addressed. He later describes in more detail that Conrads methods amount to no more than a steady, ponderous, fake-ritualistic repetition of two antithetical sentences.Allow me to puzzle out by stating some of Achebes arguments and my critiques. Achebe first points on Conrads adjectival insistence upon inexpressible an d incomprehensible mystery. He states that many of Conrads critics simply reckon this as a stylistic flaw. Achebe believes that Conrads choose the role of purveyor of comforting myths, this being, according to Achebe, to guarantee him not to be in conflict with the psychological sensitiveness of the reader. pg.2He first moves to analyzing Conrads distinction of the two rivers in the novel, but later moved to a more important topic, the racism towards blacks in the novel. He argues that their lack of speech is viewed as dehumanized. Achebe believes that Conrad views dialect as being a downgrade. This relation to Conrads withholding of language from his rudimentary souls. pg.7 His first claim is of the dis... ...ation of primordial Africa. pg.6 Achebe states that Conrads image of Africa is not of his own, but of the Western imagination and that Conrad is simply showing the norm. Achebes main point is as much of Joseph Conrads racism but more of Western societys need for change. W e need to look beyond the stereotypical image that which the West holds to its heart.pg.8 We must look in todays society, todays media and books read in schools. We must realize that offering bribes to the West in return for its good opinion of Africa pg.9 is preposterous. He sees now as the time for change. He doesnt but blame of Conrad but on western society. The victims of racist slander who for centuries have had to live with the heinousness it makes them heir to have always known better than any casual visitor even when he comes loaded with the gifts of a Conrad.pg.9

Experiencing Salvation in as I Lay Dying

Experiencing Salvation in As I Lay Dying ENGLISH 215 October 31, 2011 William Faulkners As I Lay Dying centers on the absurd journey that the Bundren family takes to Jefferson to bury their dead mother, Addie. Faulkner frames this journey through the lens of various narrators with a unique(predicate) focus on the characters innermost thoughts and deep interior monologues. Although the novels plot revolves around the Bundren family, characters orthogonal of the family are essential to provide an objective view. Without these outside characters, much of Faulkners commentary would be lost.One of the most important characters outside of the Bundren family is Cora Tull. It is through her character that Faulkner makes his most potent commentary on the ideas of perdition, salvation, and hypocrisy. With the strong mockery that is employed throughout the novel, Faulkner twists Coras seemingly ideal moral character and uses her instead as an example of what not to be. Through the juxtaposi tion of Addie and Cora, Faulkner seeks to highlight spectral hypocrisy and show that Coras idea of religious salvation is faulty.Instead, Faulkner believes (as demonstrated through Addie) that true salvation consists of an enlightened state of self-awareness and concrete understanding of singles own sin. Religion is echoed in e truly facet of Coras life. On the surface, she appears to be a warm-hearted Christian spirit, but it becomes immediately evident that Coras perception of religion is skewed. Cora is everlastingly seen serving her neighbors but Coras charity is not genuine. She practises not out of love, but to keep up a Christian appearance and receive a promised heavenly reward (23, 93).When Cora attempts to serve, even her husband (Vernon Tull) comments that she tries to crowd the other folks away and get in closer than anybody else (71). She is very concerned with the eternal state of others around her, but again, her concern is not out of love. Cora states that only G od tummy see into the heart (167), but in her piety Cora criticizes others and believes that they will only be saved if they adopt her works based religion.Coras life experiences accommodate only increased her desire to serve more dutifully because she has earned the respect of others in the community. In this ironic way, Coras hypocrisy has served her well on this earth. In contrast, Addies life experiences develop molded her into a defiant, unfulfilled and bitter woman. Through Coras eyes, Addie is a bad mother and is in desperate need of repentance. Cora believes that Addie is blind to her own sin and that it is sacrilegious to trust in jewel instead of turning to God for salvation.However, it is Cora that cannot see and passes judgment blindly. Cora does not know the implications behind Addies favoritism to Jewel and that the man Cora has placed on such a holy pedestal ( attend Whitfield) is in fact a source of Addies sin. Cora does not know that it was Minister Whitfield th at wanted to cover up the affair and that Addies consent to remain quiet were out of love for the brief satisfaction she had found in him Addie has always remained genuine she had no desire to be deceitful.Coras misinformed judgments are full of words that go straight up in a thin line, quick and harmless (173). In Addies section in the novel, she describes the scene where Cora wants Addie to pray with her to receive a salvation (168, 174). The reason Cora thought that Addie could receive salvation by saying a prayer is because Coras religion is empty, full of mindless words and people to whom sin is average a matter of words, to them salvation is conscionable words too (176). Coras word-oriented religious hypocrisy is a direct manifestation of Addies idea that words lack meaning and are just shape(s) to fill a lack (172). In distinguishing the differences between Addie and Cora, it is made clear who can ultimately experience salvation. Even though pious Cora may have experienc ed some worldly success, Faulkner is suggesting that she will never obtain salvation because she is blinded in her hypocrisy and is consumed with duty and a works-based religion. Cora knows sin as it can be expressed in words but not in practice.Addie knows the extent of sin because (unlike Cora) she has truly experienced it. Even though Addie expresses discontent, she is at least(prenominal) aware of her sin and its relationship to the nature of her being. Faulkner criticizes Coras judgmental, insincere, and pious character and instead presents Addies self-aware, authentic, and pragmatic understanding as the way to experience sanctification in this life. It is Addie, not Cora, who will receive the reward of true enlightenment and salvation.

Hrm Interventions Essay

It is also an important and comprehensive approach to manage employees in the engagementplace environment. HRM needs to be integrated with the overall strategy to condition effective use of pot and provide better returns to the brass instruments in terms of ROI (Return on Investment) for every rupee or dollar spent on them. If the HRM continues to perform this way it will lead to the success of the organization and also the organization will start utilizing its employee capabilities completely. Human resources are the most difficult resources to manage in an organization.HRM is responsible for effective designing and implementation of various policies, programs and also near developing and managing knowledge, skills, creativity and talent. HRM focuses on managing physical and emotional capacity of employees. As a result of this the range of HRM is developing day-by-day. Hence, HRM manages harmonious relationships in an organization along with maintaining a balance between organ izational goals and individual goals. There are trine human resource management interventions exploit management, Career be after and development and work force diversity.Organizations human resource specialists perform these transpose processes. military operation management is an integrated process in which an organizational employees are involved either individually or within a team to strike its goals and policies. Employee performance management includes 1)Planning 2)Monitoring 3)Developing 4)Rating 5)Rewarding 1)Planning It government agency setting performance expectations and goals for groups and individuals to use their abilities to achieve organization objectives. Employees should be involved in the planning process to beneathstand the goals of the organization.Performance appraisal plans are develop to evaluate the performance of a team or an individual by a manager or a supervisor. Performance appraisal plans should be official working documents that are put int o effect. 2) MonitoringIn this stage the performance of employees is monitored and feedback is provided to the employees about their performance. Monitoring continually will abet the organization to check the standards of the employees and also help them to make changes to meet the standards of the organization. This can be done by conducting status meeting and submitting reports about their progress.Any unimaginable performance can be identified at any time with the help of continuous monitoring. 3)Developing In this phase of the process the organization helps the employees to develop their skills by providing training. Training helps the employees to improve their performance, boost their job-related skills and to withstand the changes in the workplace much(prenominal) as the introduction of new technology. Lack of performance of the employees can be developed in this stage and help them to achieve more than goals of the organization. )RatingIn this stage the organization eval uates the performance of the employees a attainst the standards of the organizations performance plan. By order the organization will come to know about its best employees. This can be done by maintaining rating record which compares the performance of the employees from time to time . The rating of record is assigned according to procedures included in the organizations appraisal program. It is establish on work performed during an entire appraisal period. 5)Rewarding Rewarding means appreciating employeesfor their performance.It can be done in different ways such as saying simple words like thank you and rewarding employees with awards based on their performance. Rewards can either be formal or informal. Therefore, all the five components in the performance management process work and support separately other for effective development of the organization. Second and most important HRM intervention is Career planning and development. Nowadays most of the organizations have adopte d career planning and development to increase communication and healthy environment among the employees which will result in the effective growth of their organizations.Career development programs are required to the people irrespective of age and gender for the development of the organizations. Career is the progress and actions of a person related to occupation throughout a emotional statetime. Different stages are render in a persons career. There are five stages in a persons career-Growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance and disengagement/withdrawal. Growth (4-13 long time of age) is the initial stage in a persons career where the person thinks about his/her future. Second stage is exploration (early teens to mid-twenties) where the person becomes definite about occupational choice.They do many trial jobs before deciding on their appropriate field to work. Third stage is establishment (mid-twenties to mid-forties) where the person establishes in a long-term in their ch osen field. Maintenance (mid-forties to mid-sixties) is the fourth stage in which the person achieves successes in their career. They also tend to help their subordinates as they are more experienced. They label to maintain stability in their job. Last and final stage in career is disengagement/withdrawal (mid-sixties) in which the person takes retirement and try to explore new jobs.Career development helps people to achieve their career objectives. It can be linked to career planning at different stages. It includes managing a persons career between different organizations. Career development interventions can be used for many goals. These interventions are mainly designed for modern employees rather than managers. Some of the interventions which are related to career stages are as follows realistic job preview is related to establishment which helps the person to know the work requirements. Developmental training helps the person to gain knowledge to reach their goals.This inter vention is related to establishment and maintenance stages in career planning. Performance feedback and coaching comes under establishment stage which helps the person to know about their performance. Work life balance planning helps the person to maintain balance between personal and master key life. It comes under establishment and maintenance stages . Challenging assignments keeps the person engaged with interesting and creates an enthusiasm towards work. This comes under maintenance stage. Dual-career accommodations comes nder maintenance stage and it helps the person to find whole work projects. Phased retirement falls under withdrawal stage of a persons career where the person retires from the job. All these interventions will result in various desired consequences such as increases job satisfaction and commitment, monitors human resources development, strengthens organizational capability, improves quality of life, maintains member motivation, increases productivity ,decrea ses stress in later stages of life and also reduce turnover and training costs for the organization.Work force diversity interventions are the third type of HRM interventions. Organizations should develop their human resources in such a way that it should maintain diversity in an efficient manner. People from various regions may work together in an organization. They may differ in various ways like age, gender, marital status, social status, disability, sexual orientation, religion, personality traits, ethnicity and culture. An organization with various(a) manpower can better achieve its goals.Employees from diverse workforce can learn more and achieve more experience as they work in a mixed environment. Other than the employees of the organization, clients can also gain profit from it as the organization which encourages diverse workforce will be more open and flexible. As people come from various cultures and backgrounds in diverse work force they can learn more business practic es. Employees can develop their knowledge, communication skills, problem-solving capabilities through diverse workforce. All the employees need to be prepare to work either individually or as a part of a team.

Political Philosophy and Machiavelli Essay

I weigh that The Prince is an amoral mass. I think that when Machiavelli wrote it, he was honorable telling the truth. He was just saying what he believed was right and what I believe is right. Some successions the truth is non what people want to hear. Most of the time people want to hear what is the nice or what they think the right function is. The truth is that The Prince is the right way to be a leader. The only problem is that most people dont agree. They think that a lot of the somatic Machiavelli has provided in this book is wrong and that he teaches the way to be in power the wrong way.Machiavelli says in The Prince that a prince should want to be both love and feared. He later says that being loved and feared at the same time is extremely hard to do. So he says that if a prince should claim to film, he should choose being feared. There are probably a lot of people out there that disagree strongly with him. His reasoning behind it was that if you are not feared henc e people could easily turn on you and overthrow you. A princes whole goal is to not only become in power, that stay in power for as long as they can.Even if all your people say that they love you, they could easily lie to you or just one day decide that they need a change. If that happens then(prenominal) they would not be afraid of attacking your throne. So if you, as a prince, are feared, no matter what the people think they wont rebel against you. The biggest thing that Machiavelli utter, was that a leader has to be more focused on egressing sincere then being good. I completely agree with this statement, Machiavelli has the same reasoning that I do. iodine of Machiavellis biggest things in The Prince is that a leader must do whatever it takes to not only hitch power but stay in power.So while you are running for office you must appear to be a good candidate for the job. You have to tell the people what they want to hear. You have to do things for others that will make peo ple look at you like a good person. So if that means possibly lie to the people, then that is okay in his eyes because you are doing what you need to do to get power. I think Machiavelli was very smart at saying some of these things. He understood that people only hear what they want to hear. So as a candidate trying to get power, you need to say what they want to hear.If you do that than voters will give you their attention. Politics is a game, it is now, and we hunch forward it was back then when Machiavelli wrote this book. Machiavelli stressed to rulers to make sure that not only no one in your kingdom takes your power, but no one outside your kingdom. He said to make sure that you have a strong military to protect your kingdom. You cant just have a strong military, you have to know how to use it also. It is preferable to have your kingdom in a place where there are natural barriers.Barriers like having a mountain range most you or being located on a water source. If there ar e mountains or water then your enemy has a much harder time reaching you, or you can see them coming and have time to react. He also stresses that if your kingdom does not have a natural barrier that you, as a ruler, should protect your kingdom the best you can by building a barrier. Machiavelli was not only a smart man that wrote this book to rulers and future rulers. His advice was very effective back then and now in the present day. Many great leaders have based their ideas off of Machiavelli.One of the more recent American leaders is George W. Bush. Throughout his presidency he showed many another(prenominal) characteristics such as keeping his personal life on the megabucks low and keeping his faith during his presidency. Bush was arrested for a DUI in 1976 but it was not talked about a lot while he was president. Bush was a very strong Christian, he believed that he was chosen by God to run for office. So he did a very good job keeping his faith. Machiavelli book, The Princ e, was an amazing guide for all rulers at the time and has been for the past hundreds of years.He did an amazing job of guiding them through every possible difficulty that they could have had during their rule. I really believe that if Machiavelli had not have written this book that the world would have been different then it is today. I think that this book has steer rulers that much. I am sure that there has been a lot of rulers out there that have turned to this book for advice. If this book was not there then these rulers might have made different decisions and possibly decisions that would have impacted the whole world. So Machiavellis book has been a great tool for many rulers.

Iran and Us Relations

International Relations Between Iran and the get together States Group Paper Jorge Goytizolo, Donna Lin atomic number 18s, Reuben Mateus INB3550 International Business Dr. speed rise Diaz, Professor 10/10/2010 We intend to present how both countries Iran and the unify States, ar affected economically by the disagreeable relationship they have forged, which has shape up worsened due to the get together Nations earnest Council having added additional okays to Iran. Content will include History of the US and Iran domestic and channel relations. o Irans OPEC tie beam and history on with current Iranian decisions which are affecting its approach to business relations with the coupled Nations and the rest of the field. o get together States affiliation with the United Nations and how our latest decision towards Iran is affecting the UN and its approach to the business policies with Iran. o US and Iran International Business approach to the world. o Direct US and Ir an Relations. History of the US and Iran domestic and business relations. The History of United States-Iran relations date back to the 1800s, only has become more volatile in just over the brave half century.One can non discuss United States-Iranian history without observing the 1953 Coup, which has been cited as the gamblinging point in United States-Iran relations. The 1953 Coup was a covert op epochtion headed by Americas Central Intelligence Agency and has been documented as the Agencys first successful overthrow of a irrelevant government. The Aim of the 1953 Coup, code named Operation AJAX, was to bring to powerfulness an Iranian government which would reach an equitable anoint settlement, enabling Iran to become economically sound and financially solvent, and which would vigorously prosecute the dangerously strong communist Party (Iran Chamber Society, n. d. ) Early in the 1960s, the Shah of Iran, announced social and economic reforms but ref utilise to grant broad pol itical freedom.Iranian Nationalist condemned his United States supported regimen and his westernizing of Iran. During rioting in 1963, the Shah cracked down, suppressing his opposition. Among those arrested and exiled was a popular religious nationalist and bitter foe of the United States, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (Jimmy Carter Library Museum, 2006). During his United States backed reign, the Shah spent billions of oil dollars on military weapons, but soon began to lose popular support. Unable to sustain economic progress and unwilling to expand democratic freedoms, the Shahs regime collapsed in revolution (Jimmy Carter Library & Museum, 2006), causing him to flee January 16, 1979.With the departure of the Shah, the exiled Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Iran in February of 1979 bringing rabid anti-Americanism with him. Amidst rumor and fear of another United States led Coup and a return to power of the exiled Shah Reza Pahlavi, a group from the Iranian Student Unio n took matters into their own hands by seizing the American Embassy. Inside the American Embassy the students held 52 Americans hostage for 444 days. The United States responded by freezing billions of Iranian assets, including bank deposits, gold, and other property. This event became known as the 1979 Hostage Crisis. The 1979 Hostage Crisis had drawn domestic criticisms against professorship Jimmy Carter.Criticisms of chairperson Carter further grew with failed rescue attempts of the American hostages, some of which resulted in the deaths of American Soldiers whose bodies were paraded in front of television cameras by angry Iranians. This political incubus hindered President Carters bid for re-election and promptly came to a close the day President Ronald Regan was inaugurated January 20, 1981. The Iran-Iraq War, which lasted from 1980-1988, played a significant role in United States-Iran relations. The United Nations surety Council issued resolutions calling for all its memb er states to avoid from contributing to the Iran-Iraq conflict, and is why the United States initially contumacious to take a neutral position.Although it had supplied both countries with weapons, the United States decided that an Iranian win would prove to be detrimental to their interests in the region and began to place their support behind an Iraqi Regime led by President Saddam Hussein. This support came in the form of loans, some of which benefited United States industries and all while the country of Iran was being hammered with many American enforced sanctions. In the 1990s the United States placed more sanctions on Iran. In 1995, President Bill Clinton banned United States investments with Iran, prohibiting all commercial and financial transactions with Iran. This measure was unfortunate, as trade relations between the dickens nations had begun to increase after the end of the Iran-Iraq War.In 1996, the United States passed into law superstar of its most stringent measur es to affect Iran, the Iran-Libya federal agencys bring. Designed to prevent Irans ability to get its hands on weapons of mass destruction and fund terrorist groups, the Iran-Libya Sanction Act imposed penalties on all foreign companies that provided investments over $20 million dollars for the development of Energy Sector (petroleum) in Iran. Any progress made in United States-Iran relations late in President Clintons encourage term was soon forgotten, as the new American President George W. Bush came into office. The events on phratry 11, 2001 have scarred relations between America and Iran to a point that appears irreparable.Although Iran was not involved in the 9/11 attacks, the United States feels Iran harbors and supports the terrorist who threaten America and its interests. The United States and Iran are not at war, but both countries have peppered each other over the last decade with rhetorical missiles. Some of the accusations include the fear of Irans thermo thermonuc lear weapons ambitions and its alleged membership to the Axis of crime, while Iran feels the encroachment of United States military bases in the region provide reason for furthering armaments and political jousting. Despite each countrys contempt for each other the two countries continue to do business together. U. S. Exports to Iran grew more than tenfold during President Bushs years in office even as sponsoring terrorist (Associated Press, 2008).The Bush Administration used sanction exemptions to ship a variety of goods to Iran ranging from perfume and fur clothing to cigarettes and bull semen. Both the United States and Iran joined the United Nations on October 24, 1945, however the United States represents 1 of 5 permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and Iran is currently not even a non-permanent member. Although Iran is not a member of the Security Council, it has two powerful associate in China and Russia who are permanent members. The latest decisions to wards Iran have obviously been affecting the regulations now imposed by the United Nations Security Council. Sanctions issued by the Security Council are primarily intended to disrupt progress in Irans ability to obtain nuclear weapons and build its military.United States Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice announced at the Security Council impact that the resolution will target 40 entities and one individual, Javad Rihiqi, head of a nuclear center where the Iranian government possesses uranium. It was reported that China, one of Irans largest trading partners, had pushed back on more stringent language, saying that broader restrictions especially those targeting Irans Central Bank would harm Irans day-to-day economy (Wagner, 2010). Russia has been reluctant to support United States backed sanctions, as Iran and Russia trade in the range of billions of dollars annually. From 2002 to 2008 Russia and China exported a combined 80 percent (by dollar value) of Irans arms.These sanctions are now being accept not only within the United Nations Security Council, but also by financial powers, such as the European Union. Under the strain of sanctions and the Iran-Libya Sanction Act, some members of the European Union have been critical of the United States causing it to compromise on the first project cited as a violation of the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act by waiving sanctions on the 2 billion dollar project. The Clinton Administration announced the waiver on May 18, 1998, citing national interest, after the European Union pledged to increased cooperation with the United States on non-proliferation and counter-terrorism (Katzman, 2003).The Bush Administration decided followed suit with collaborative efforts with the European Union and its members to limit Irans nuclear ambitions and terrorism sponsorship, preserving the high elan for future sanction waivers. Irans OPEC affiliation and history Irans OPEC Affiliation began early in the 1960s,when a meeting reque st was made to the oil companies operating(a) in Venezuela and in the put east by the Venezuelan minister of mines and the Saudi Oil minister, to consult with the hosting countries before any price changes were made. Attending this meeting were the representatives of Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. In that atmosphere, the foundation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries was formed. Hamilton, 1983) Currently, the Organization has a total of 12 Member Countries. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 1014, 1960, presently with its meeting headquarters located now in Vienna, Austria (OPEC, 2007). OPECs objectives still today is to organise and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations a nd a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry (OPEC, 2007).Irans business relation in regards to its affiliation with the United Nations has been weakened in most part because of the correlation with the United States. Currently we have seen that the US has tried to prove time and time again that the monies directly benefiting Iran through their returns from the oil, and botch up sector are being funneled into making the country a nuclear power (Alverez, 2009). Iran, OPECs second largest exporter with an output of 4. 2 million barrels per day, traditionally pushes for higher prices. It is also one of the most dependent on oil exports, with some 80 percent of its foreign revenue coming from oil gross revenue (OPEC, 2007).In addition to this, Masoud Mir-Kazemi as Irans new oil minister stated in August that Iran plans to offer 5 billion Euros in bonds by 2015 to wait on Iran finance government projects (Nagaraj, 2010). This is indubitably leading the UN to as sume the projects are those of a nuclear matter and are beginning to take steps in the reason of sanctions until it can prove otherwise. Business relations with the United Nations The U. N. Security Council approved a resolution calling for a new round of sanctions aimed at pressuring Iran on its nuclear program. The measure passed with 12 countries voting for it, Brazil and Tur mention voting against and Lebanon abstaining (Wagner,2010).Mir-Kazemi said his country already sold some 250 million Euros ($342 million) bonds in foreign markets. He also said the countries which pursue the sanctions have managed only to deprive themselves of the chance to tap into some of the worlds largest proven reserves of stodgy crude oil. If they want to have a secure long-term energy supply, they have to invest in Irans oil industry, he said (Nagaraj,2010). Iran well aware of its abundant natural resource knows it has negotiating power. They continually stand by the fact that they state th e nuclear significance is only tie in to bettering its countrys infrastructure with plants to provide power and energy .In 2009, the 25-3 vote by the International Atomic Energy Agency, the UNs nuclear watchdog, was then seen as a sign of deepen exasperation over the impasse when they stated that Iran had the right to generate nuclear power for peaceful purposes, which is what is says it wants to do (Alverez, 2009). It has been asked by the IAEA to discuss evidence of warhead-related research activities but has refused. Having been caught cheating in the past, its repeated denials have little credibility (Alverez, 2009). This is where the UN has its most concerns focused on. The UN wants more transparency to this project and with Iran denial to the inspections they then feel touch to pursue the newer sanctions.The resolution puts in place travel bans and financial restrictions on individuals and entities involved in Iranian nuclear and/or ballistic missile activities, inc luding those owned, controlled or acting on behalf of Irans elite Revolutionary Guard Corps. It also includes an arms embargo and pushes for inspection of ships suspected of carrying cargo that may be involved in Irans nuclear program (Wagner, 2010). With a history stemming back almost more than a quarter of a century the latest round of imposed sanctions on Iran by the US have been the toughest we have seen yet. These sanctions are now being recognized not only within the Security Council of the UN but also by financial powers such as the EU.These entities continue their efforts trying to persuade all countries financial institutes not to deal with Iran. US and Iran International Business approach to the world United States and Iran have two totally different approaches. United States promotes open markets, competitiveness and innovation. United States also promotes sustainable development and corporate responsibility, supported by international engagement and prudent regula tion. All these activities and efforts are monitored and guided by the USCIB (United States Council for International Business).As the whole world is trying to move from recession, United States promotes open markets along with competitiveness and innovation we can see it in all the international summits, meetings in which United States participates. An example of this was when United States (USCIB) took the leading role n the G8 business summit in Italy. United States also was one of the participants of the G20 business summit in London in which the worlds largest economies agreed to a $1. 1 trillion package of measure to restore growth, jobs and rebuild confidence and trust in the financial system. All these countries including United States came together to fight the economy recession. United States has the same thinkers and goals towards international businesses and wants to pass it work around the world. On the other hand we have Iran that overshadowed all the efforts fo r world progress and development by not being in compliance with its international obligations and announcing the development of its nuclear program. Irans approach to international business is little. Iran is part of the OPEC, which we had previously discussed. The main reason why Irans does business with other countries is to aid its goals in becoming a powerful nuclear country. The reason why Irans is so hungry for nuclear power is because it feels the need to protect itself against the development of capitalism, especially in other countries such as like the ones geographically close (Israel). Irans government is linked to the country religious beliefs.New movements within the country itself are trying to change this approach towards the world by gearing and convincing its citizens that capitalism will alleviate the country get out of their financial crisis. Unfortunately, Iran, like many other countries, is being divided by two social classes the educated and professio nal middle class and the laborers or poor class. The laborers or poor class are the majority on this country they support the actual government (President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad) and his decisions. Once Iran and its citizens make the decision that opening up and cooperating with the world they may realize that it would improve their countrys establishment. Direct US and Iran Business Relations Based on the research made by a renown New York times reporter and veteran correspondent, Stephen Kinzer he recommend the alliance of Iran, United States and Turkey would the opera hat way to increase the business and politics relations between these 3 countries. He stated that it would be a radical new course for the United States in the Middle Eastern region. The United States need to partner with Iran and Turkey to create a powerful triangle whose activities would promote a culture res publica and combat extremism. This is a debatable argument. At this time we have Iran, rule by radical ideologies and have set its mind on a burgeoning nuclear program.As we all know this one of United State governments biggest headaches. Stephen Kinzer also reiterated that we have to remember that although Turkey is a long time United States ally, their relations has been deteriorated in the past years. An example of this deterioration it can be seen on an incident placed on last June where the relationship between these two countries was tested, Turkeys representative on the UN Security Council voted against United States regarding backed sanctions on Iran. At this moment most of the United States government is asking themselves Who muddled Turkey? rather than envisioning more extensive cooperation with this country. Even hough United States and Iranian relations are a long term project and the idea has ample grounding in the modern history and politics of the region unlike other Muslim countries Iran has a century worth of experience try for political freedom, during which they developed an understanding of democracy and they are longing for it. Unites States and Iran do share some fundamental values. Both countries have educated middle class, as we all know the middles classes are the basis for a strong civil society and also the two countries share strategic goals. Some of these common goals are the desire to see Iraq and Afghanistan stabilized and to suppress radical movements such as the Sunnis and Al Qaeda. Though this alliance or relations would not be chance on at this moment or in todays worlds until Iran changes dramatically and turn into democracy before any relations could be formed. One way this relation could happen still unclear but in the meantime Stephen Kinzer proposes a twofold strategy engage with the current regime as in effect as possible and wait for the day democratically minded masses make their way to power. Though there are some processes of engagement in the Obama administrations stated policy Kinzer urges Washingt on to be bolder and to launch a direct, bilateral, comprehensive, and unconditional negotiations with Tehran.This process of engagement was practiced by President Nixon and his diplomatical breakthrough with communist China when at the time of the US-Vietnam war Beijing was selling weapons to North Vietnam to kill Americans. Nixon recognized that diplomacy works the opposite way. pact comes first changes in behavior follow. In order to activate the direct US relations with Iran, US diplomacy needs to give Iranians what they are looking for respect, dignity and restoration of lost of pride We have to remember us-USA is dealing with a nation ten times older than ourselves and the key to turn to better relationships with Iran is not to make Irans regime feel more threatened it is to make it feel more secure. References Akyol, M. (2010, September). An unlikely trio. Foreign Affairs, 89(5), 124-129. (Akyol, 2010) Alverez, J. (2009). In the era of a new presidency, a new us . policy towards the united nations? us policies towards and in the un security council. ISIA Journal of International Comparative Law, 15(319), 228-231. Associated Press. (2008, July 8). Despite Conflict, U. S. Does Business with Iran.Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/25588135 Hamilton, J. (1983). Oil and macro economy since World War II. Journal of Political Economy, 91(2). Harvey, C. , Sabatini, R. (2010, April 15). Russias Lukewarm Support for International Sanctions Against Iran History and Motivations. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http//www. nti. org/e_research/e3_russia_lukewarm_sanctions_against_iran. html Iran Chamber Society. (n. d. ). A Short Account of 1953 Coup. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http//www. iranchamber. com/history/coup53/coup54p1. php Jimmy Carter Library & Museum. (2006, February 9). The Hostage Crisis in Iran.Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http//www. jimmycarterlibrary. gov/documents/hostages. phtml Katzman, K. (Updated 2003, July 31). The Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA). Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http//fpc. state. gov/documents/organization/23591. pdf Kinzer, S. (2010). Iran, Turkey and Americas future. Time Books, 274 London Summit. (2009). Summit Outcomes. Retrieved from http//www. londonsummit. gov. uk/en/summit-aims/timeline-events/summit-outcomes McMahon, Robert. (Updated 2006, April 4). Iran, the United Nations, and Sanctions. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http//www. cfr. org/publication/10222/iran_the_united_nations_and_sanctions. html Nagaraj, A. (2010).Iran has some of the worlds richest oil reserves but has not been able to amply utilize it due to production and refining constraints. International Business , Retrieved from http//www. ibtimes. com/articles/64168/20100921/us-un-sanctions-turkey-iran-middle-east. htm Nasr, V. (2009). The rise of Islamic capitalism Why the new Muslim middle class is the key to defeating extremism. New York, NY Free Press. The National S ecurity Archive. (2003, February 25). Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein The US Tilts toward Iraq, 1980-1984. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from httpwww. gwu. edu/nsarchive/NSAEBB/NSABB82/ (References continued) OPEC. (2007, April 29). Member countries.Retrieved from http//www. opec. org/opec_web/en/ on September 18, 2010 Wagner, A. (White mark Correspondent). (2010). United nations security council backs new sanctions on iran. Web. Retrieved from http//www. politicsdaily. com/2010/06/08/iran-united-nations-sanctions-and-the-new-world-order/ Nova Southeastern University Farquhar Center for Undergraduate Studies Business Administrative Studies Division Assignment for Course INB 3550 International Business Submitted to Dr. speedwell Diaz Submitted by Donna M Linares, on Behalf of Group Jorge Goytizolo, Donna Linares, Reuben Mateus 9118 Palos Verde Dr Orlando FL 32825 07-625-1854 NSU N00717427 Date Submission Due October 9th 2010 Title of Assignment Group Paper Project CERTIFICATION OF typography I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and tell in the paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas, or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I have added quotes whenever I used more than three consecutive words from another writer. I also certify that this paper was prepared by me specifically for this course. Students Signature ___DM Linares__________________ Instructors Grade on Assignment Instructors Comments

Disadvantages of Part-Time Job

the development and the expansion of the economic system, there are more and more options for students to obtain fall in time lines. There are numberous reasons that students should experient some part time jobs, however the negative effects should be considered, too. Look on the bright side, as Miss Lan Phuong said above, we go out harvest more things via working such as finance, chance to more mature, widen the relationship, and better understanding our self.However, it doesnt mean that all the students should immediately get out of the reside and get a job, there are some disadvantages should be considered force fielding and health. Firstly, opponents of students taking part time job insist that such these students will impudence a decline in our studies. We have 24 hours per day, however, vast of boys and girls who work were being affected by the lack of time. Because it will occupy students precious time for college work, we will have no longer time to finish homework ass igned by teachers or widden our knowledge through course session books.Consequently, we will fall behind the class schedule. In other word, if we dont know how to banlance and manage time, we will receive a bad study results. The most important tasks we have to remember is studying. Secondly, studying in university and taking part time job take us most time of day, we will always busy and feel exhausted because each day we have the defined amount of energy. After attending class for most of the day, we do enquiry for projects and do homework.Naturally, we dont have enough 8 hours to sleep, which lead to being sick. In conclusion, each coin has two sides, although having part time job can lead students to get in touch with some disadvantages, it is still necessary for us to learn much more than only theories from books and universities because it takes important purpose in helping us engage in the future. Just only make sure if we totally understand what we are doing and know how t o balance surrounded by working and studying well.

A Sustainable Competitive Advantage Essay

operations Management is a key component in the triumph of whatever rm. The textbookoutlines ten critical beas to focus on for Operational Managersmany rms have developed these one or two of these areas into a competitive advantage. atomic number 53 rm, Anhueser-Busch/InBev has successfully incorporated all ten areas of focus and developed them into a legacy of quality and a sustainable competitive advantage. This focus on Operations Managemnt has decease to Ab/ InBevs reputation for quality, and their continued dominance as a global brewery.Design of GoodsThe design of goods/services denes a rm, and specialises them up for success (or failure) inthe market. In order to design a superior product, rms must rst understand their customer what their needs and requirements are. Anheuser-Busch/InBev has focused on developing a divers(prenominal) portfolio of global brands to satisfy a myriad of customer needs a few of their more recently-developed beers are actually based on custome r suggestions and recipes. The AB/ InBev portfolio ranges from low-cost products such as Busch (which focuses on a costleadership strategy), while domestic brands such as Budweiser and Bud Light are a force to be reckoned with in the North American markets. Other brands such as Hoeegarden and Leffe appeal to craft beer consumers as well as global markets (a differentiation strategy). By customizing products to non-homogeneous consumer tastes, they are able to obtain greater market share worldwide.AB/InBevs original beer, Budweiser, was developed in the 1800s by the companysfounder, Adolphus Busch set out to create a beer that balanced avor and refreshment something that everyone could enjoy. This understanding of customer needs, combined with a commitment to quality and consistency still exist in the company today, which contributes to the overall sustainability of the company.Managing QualityAs mentioned above, AB/InBev makes sure to incorporate quality into their soulfulnesspro ductsby meticulously managing their supply chain, they are able to halt the overall quality of input as well as their products. Their commitment to tradition is the basis for their commitment to quality many of the ingredients they use while brew todays beer come from the same lineage as the ingredients Adolphus Busch used back in the 1800s. Since AB/InBev directly owns the farms where the hops, rice and barley are grown, by ensuring the quality of the ingredients, they ensure quality and consistency in each batch of beer.AB/InBev offers quality to consumers by offering an extensive line of productstheyimproved on their Lime-o-Rita line by offering additional avors. There is manufacturing based quality in their productseach batch of Budweiser is brewed to the same standards as the last, thus ensuring that each individual bottle tastes as good as the last.Process and Capacity DesignBy maintaining a process-focused strategy, AB/InBev has created a sustainablecompetitive advantagethei r queer lineup of products all revolve around the same quality ingredients. Fewer inputs (hops, rice, barley, etc.) all distill down to a variety of quality products that AB/InBev uses to fit out their customer demands. This high volume, low variety end product method allows for the efciency needed to produce the mass quantities of product that AB/InBev demands.A simple visit to the AB/InBev brewery creates a clear picture of their commitment to theproduct-focused strategytheir facilities are designed specically to accommodate the variety of products they have created. This specicity and simplicity lead to lower inconstant costs per unit, higher equipment utilization, and overall easier production planning.Although switchingproduction lines between products can be a bit of a hassle, the specialization of labor reduces lead time and setup costs for each production run.Location StrategyThe main headquarters of AB/InBev are currently located in St. Louis, Missouri, wherethey were in the beginning established in the early 1800s. Although the merger between AnheuserBusch and InBev in 2008 could have easily meant thatheadquarters would be relocated, moving production elsewhere would have been implausibly costly. Because of the companys long-standing residence in the Midwest, many suppliers are also located in the Midwest. Relocating the brewery would have not only increased shipping/treatment costs of the heterogeneous inputs, but also the campus that AB/InBev currently occupies is now owned outright by the companyattempting to build a new production facility would have been a signicant outlay of capital.The brewery in St. Louis is certainly a well-known landmark within the city, but it is notthe only brewery that AB/InBev owns and operates. Because the demand for AB/InBev products is so widespread, the brewery operates 12 different brewing and bottling plants by means ofout the United States. These locations help ensure the freshness and overall quality of the product delivered to various markets nationwide, as well as help reduce the costs of moving product from manufacturer to distributer.Layout StrategyBecause AB/InBev offers almost 200 unique products, layout strategy is incrediblyimportant in keeping the company competitiveefcient and effective use of position ensures that things continue to run smoothly.At the brewery in St. Louis, a equalise of different layouts can be seen. Silos at theentrance to the campus store the various ingredients needed to brew the beers, while outlying buildings double as ofce space and storage of other components (such as bottles, cans, labels, etc.). By using a warehousing/storage layout for certain items, things that are used most commonly during production are close by, thus saving on shipping and handling costs.The beer that is brewed in St. Louis is bottled on-site. The bottling lines follow aproduct-oriented layoutfor example, glass bottles for Bud Light are run through one set of lines, whil e cans of Bud Light are run through a separate set of lines.

Lord of the Flies Narrative Poem Essay

I, the island, all alone in the sea,Have been invaded by humanity.A plane crashed while escaping war,And left several schoolboys upon my shore.In my jungle, a scar their tube did make,And simultaneously, my relaxation it did take.Two boys blew into a shell from my beach.All came to whom the sound did reach.They decided that they needed a chief,And Ralph was chosen, to Jacks grief.The boys thought that survival would be fun,But were they ready to get the work done?Their happiness didnt last and fears did rise.A snake- savage was spotted by a littluns eyes.They decided to build a bode attack upon my mountain head,But out of control, the fire did spread.Missing is the littlun who saw the beast,Yet the boys dont seem to care that hes likely deceasedPig hunting became Jacks obsession.The boys abandoned building huts in their transgression.Only Ralph and Simon remained to work,While in my bathing pool the rest did lurk.Simon is the only one who respects my beauty.Why is rescue not eve ryones top priority?The littluns are hardly being taken care of,The older boys neglect to show them love.Jack and the boys hunted pigs and let the fire die.Ralph got angry, there was no signal as a ship passed by.The boys caught a pig so they chant and dance,But spirits were dampened at the loss of a rescue chance.The boys work ethics, Ralph did doubtDefecating everywhere, poor shelter, fire gone outThanks to Jack, the beast continued to bring fear,The littluns claimed to have seen it near.The voices of Piggy and Simon are unbroken quiet,And Jack lead the others into a frantic riot.Upon my mountain a dead parachutists did land,The twins spotted it and ran subdue to the sand.They claimed to have spotted a beast on my hill,Now all the boys want to do is to pay off it and kill.They searched a cave but the creature was not there,In fact there was no beast anywhereRalph is losing control of the bestial boys,All this talk of beasts is just useless noise.The real evil is in spite of appearance the human mind,But to this fact these boys appear to be blind.Due to these children, my land has been hewn,I hope that they direct me alone again soon.

The Macroeconomic Perspectives of David Ricardo, Karl Marx

The Macroeconomic Perspectives of David Ricardo, Karl Marx, and rump Stuart Mill ECON 350 19 noneember 2012 crimp The author surveys three influential economists of the Classical eraRicardo, Marx, and John Stuart Milland introduces the reader to their Macroeconomic perspectives found on somewhat(a) of their more prominent Macroeconomic theories. David Ricardo David Ricardo was a Classical Economist who lived from 1772 to 1823.In his professional spirit he wore m any(prenominal) hats he was a businessman, a financer, a speculator, and a member of Parliament. But what he is most remembered for is the role that he played in the evolution of economic theory, alongside of such separate greats as John Stuart Mill and Thomas Malthus, among otherwises. In examining the economic theories which he espoused it is interesting to consider the get out that his above-mentioned professions played in influencing his positions.Through his experience as a businessman was un surmiseedly cap fit to top insights into the whole caboodle of industry through his experiences as a financer and a speculator he gleaned invaluable insights into the croakings of the financial system and through his experiences as a member of Parliament he no doubt acquired insights into the reverseings of government and politics that does more than to add credibility to many of his economic expostulations. Although he worked diligently in the palm of both Macro- and Micro-economics we will be focusing here primarily on some of his more distinguishing Macroeconomic contri thations.The principals within this field of economics which we will be focusing on in percenticular are The Law of comparative Advantage, Comparative Statics, International Money Movement, and Deficit Spending. The principal which is arguably the most important and enduring contribution that David Ricardo ever made to the field of economics is The Law of Comparative Advantage, also known as The Law of Comparative Cost. Th is was a principal that was originally developed by crack smith in his renowned work entitled An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. However, although Adam metalworker commencement exercise developed this principal it was David Ricardo who refined it and thus he is deserving of credit for his part in the formation of this economic principal. The Law of Comparative Advantage was first mentioned by Ricardo in his work entitled On the Principals of Political Economy and Taxation. It is based in specialization. and is a law which we see direct all around us in present clippings. Basically this law get hold ofs one of Adam Smiths observationsthat specialized wholes within a manufacturing process leads to increased efficiencyand applies it on an international scale.Adam Smiths observation was that when manufacturing a particular type of spot, if each worker present were to work on an item from start to finish they would be inefficient and slow and would n ot be able to vex nearly as much of the items as would a factory of workers who were separated into specialized units, each unit having the responsibility of completing one of the processes necessary for manufacturing the particular item. Ricardo took this one step further and applied it on a macro level.He noted that different countries, for various reasons, have specific goods that they are particularly practiced at producing. He further noted that if countries had to provide for all of their needs internally then they would be unable to focus their attention on the things that they did particularly well. On the other hand, if each country were able to focus on producing the things that they did well then they could produce exponentially more of them and could trade amongst each other for the things that they needed but did not produce internally.Also, he took the Opportunity Cost into account and noted that correct if one country did everything better than another it would sti ll be practical for the lesser country to constrain items for the greater country since the greater country would see the highest draws if they focused their epoch, bills, and energy on the things that they did particularly well. This was genuinely quite a big deal during Ricardos since Protectionist policies were hindering free trade, which Ricardo was a proponent of as can be seen from his Law of Comparative Advantage.One of Ricardos first interactions in the economic dialogue of his time was based around the Quantity Theory of Money. At the time in that location was something going on in Britain that would come to be known as the Bullion Controversy. Basically, as a conclusion of a potential war the British government temporarily suspended the obligation of the Bank of England to convert its notes into gold. During this time agricultural prices rose (which some people attributes to poor harvests) and gold prices went up. It is on this second point that Ricardo chimed in. R icardo argued that the boot out in gold prices was actually the result of largeness.According to him, since the bank wasnt obligated to exchange their notes for gold they were depression more notes than they had gold to back them. This flood of currency, Ricardo said, was creating an excess supply which was devaluing the currency and thus causing inflation (Laidler, p. 12). Karl Marx Karl Marx is probably best known for the work that he co-authored with Fredrick Engels entitled The Communist Manifesto and also for his work entitled Capital. He is also arguably one of the most well-known of the Classical Economists, or of any group of economists for that matter.In addition to be an economist he is also renowned for his work in the fields of philosophy, sociology, history, and journalism. Karl Marx was a staunch Socialist and the vast majority of his contributions to the field of economics revolved around a singular event that he believed would inevitably occur sometime in the fu ture and would bring active the fall of Capitalism, replacing it instead with a Socialist society that would eventually evolve through natural means into a Communist society. Marx saw society as segregated units of distinct classes.In his mind there was a constant struggle going on between these classes as a direct result of one class having dominance over the other. The two classes that he was particularly concerned with were the travail and the middle class. The Bourgeoisie were representative of the wealthy Capitaliststhis included factory owners, entrepreneurs, and the the like. In other words the Bourgeoisie was composed of those individuals who were able to create great wealth for themselves as a direct result of the Capitalist system. Aristocracy and the like were not included as among the Bourgeoisie.The Proletariat on the other hand were those individuals who worked in the factories, et cetera, of the Bourgeoisie. These were the blue nip workers of their time and the l ower class members of society. In Marxs opinion the Bourgeoisie had taken advantage of the Proletariat by making themselves wealthy off of the labor of this oppressed class. Furthermore Marx felt that the base genius of the work that the Proletariat was given to do was stifling. Last and worst of all Marx felt that these workers were not being fairly compensated for their work.What we now call Recessions and Depressions Marx referred to as Crises. He felt that these Crises were the direct result of disproportionalities in the Law of Supply and Demand. According to Marx the amounts of items supplied to markets and the amounts demanded were in a constant state of tension because they were always seek to achieve equilibrium but could never quite do so. Since this often led to more of an item being supplied than was demanded by the market, the market became flooded and the items price would drop significantly.Businesses in their up-to-date state could not survive off of these minima l returns, and workers ultimately suffered as a result. Marx believed that workers were not salaried adequately during good times to compensate for these Crises, whereas the Bourgeoisie ultimately became wealthy despite these Crises. Marx did not hellish the Bourgeoisie but instead saw them merely as a product of their environment. He did, however, scent that this environment which ran according to the tenets of Capitalism was inherently flawed.Marx believed that the Proletariat would eventually revolt against this flawed system and would take manufacturing into their own hands. At first a Socialist form of government would be set up and would be run by what Marx referred as the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. This would only be a temporary entry however and it would eventually become obsolete and dissolve naturally and from that time on Communism would be the sole system that would guide the economy, government, and society as a whole.John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill was bo rn(p) in England and lived between 1806 and 1873. He was both an accomplished philosopher and economist and is recognized as one of the sterling(prenominal) thinkers of his time. His father, James Mill, was a respected philosopher, economist, and political theorist. James Mill was also a contemporary and decision friend of David Ricardo and was influential in the Classical economic science movement of his time.Because of James Mills mental circle of friends, and also because of his strict tutelage, John Stuart Mill was, from a very young age, privy to much of the political, philosophical, and economic discussions and arguments of his day. Because of the influence of his father and also because of his close acquaintance with David Ricardo and others in his fathers circle, he would continue to hold to and defend many of their opinions and precepts throughout the flow of his life. John Stuart Mill was also a contemporary of Karl Marx although Mill was apparently unaware of who Mar x was.Although Mill wrote volumes of literature on the topic of economics during the course of his lifetime, there is one particular topic that seems to be especially relevant in shaping an sense of his macroeconomic perspective and so it is on this topic that we will focus our attention. Thomas Stowell tells us in his book entitled On Classical Economics that the three major controversies in economics during John Stuart Mills lifetime were disputes over swans Law, the Malthusian overpopulation theory, and the theory of value (p. 134). The first is a macroeconomic concern whereas the second and third fall under the banner of microeconomics. Therefore it is on this topic that we will now focus our attention Says Law, also known as the Law of Market, was founded on the presumption that money is used solely as a means of initiating proceedings and that in the end transactions ultimately consist of one commodity being traded for another. Say believed that producers are eager to get r id of their products because of price fluctuation which could cause their devaluation and because an unsold product produces no return on investment.Say also believed that producers were equally eager to get rid of the money they acquired through transactions because moneys value fluctuates as well. In order to get rid of money it must be traded for some product or service and thus through this cycle economic growth is created. Say believed that gluts occurred when too much of one product was created, thus flooding the market. This, the law states leads to a loss of tax income for the producer, who in turn consumes less due to this loss of revenue.Because of this lowered consumption there is an overall step-down in demand in the economy as a whole. This reduced demand leads to unemployment and recessionary conditions. It should be noted however that these consequences ultimately result not from an inadequate supply of money with which to purchase goods, but from markets supplying more of one particular product than is desired and not enough of others. John Stuart drudgery was a huge proponent of Says Law although he did appear to alter some parts of it slightly throughout the course of his life. ReferencesBalassa, Bela A. (1959). John Stuart Mill and the Law of Markets. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 73, No. 2. Balassa, Bela A. (1959). Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv. Bordo, Michael D. Schwartz, Anna J. (1984). A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821-1931. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL. Brandis, Royall. (1985). Marx or Keynes? Marx and Keynes. Journal of Economic Issues. Vol. 19, No. 3. Campbell, Martha. (1997). Marx and Keynes on Money. International Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 27, No. 3 Davis,Timothy. 2005). Ricardos Macroeconomics Money, Trade Cycles, and Growth. Cambridge University Press. refreshed York, NY. Laidler, David. (2000). Highlights of The Bullionist Controversy. Retrieved from http//economics. uwo. ca/faculty/laidler/workingpapers/highlightsof. pdf. Lutz, Mark A. (1979). The Limitations of Karl Marxs Social Economics. Review of Social Economy. Vol. 37, No. 3. Sowell, Thomas. (1974). Classical Economics Reconsidered. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ. Sowell,Thomas. (2006). On Classical Economics. Yale University Press. New Haven, Conn.

Red Riding Hood Essay

How would you reason the point of watch over e. g. , first-person, second-person (i. e. , you), third-person limited, third-person omniscient? * Is the point of find out consistent throughout the story (told from the same perspective), or does it mistake at any points in the narrative? If so, make note of when and how those changes occur. ) * How does point of view shape your reading material of the work? In what ways does it contribute to or detract from your reading of the work? *How does point of view relate to the storys themes or content? Your initial post should be at least(prenominal) 150 words in length. Support your claims with examples from the text, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your classmates posts by Day 7. I chose to analyze itty-bitty red-faced Riding jacket crown. The point of view is third person limited. The story is narrated as though the writer was watching over and retelling the story as it takes place. The point of view i s consistent throughout its entirety. There is quoted dialogue from each character, especially when Little Red Riding Hood arrives at the Grandmothers house and is comparing the features of the Wolf to the Grandmother. I struggled to guide the images I have stored in my mind from the storybook that I read of this over and over as a small child.I remember that in the picture-book the Wolf was drooling over Little Red Riding Hood because he was planning to eat her. The innocence of Little Red Riding Hood prevails as she continues to substantiate questioning Wolf about his features like the size of his hands, ears and eventually his mouth. I dont have a go at it if it seems to change POV during this part of the story or if it because in my mind I no long look a narrators voice. It may also be due to this being the climax of the story.I just felt it was important to note that instance as I read the story. I go through that third person limited point of view is a perfect way to tel l this suit of story as long as the author is able to portray the characters temperament well before the story is underway. For instance, if the reader is not informed that in some way that Little Red Riding hood is an innocent and compliant little girl (protagonist) and that the nature of a savage (antagonist) is to kill and eat his prey by any means available, then the entire meaning may be misconstrued.

Welle

What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plant plants? A) There is considerable patrimonial variation in garden peas. B) Traits argon inherited in discrete units, and argon not the results of blending. C) recessionary ingredients occur more frequently in the Fl generation than do dominant bingles. D) Genes argon composed of deoxyribonucleic acid. E) An beingness that is homozygous for many recessive characteristics is at a disadvantage. 2) How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an Individual with the geno image AaBbCCDdEE? rite down the gametes ) Why did Mendel continue some of his experiments to the F2 or F3 generation? A) to obtain a larger number of offspring on which to base statistics 8) to observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappear C) to observe whether or not the dominant trait would reappear D) to distinguish which alleles were segregating E) to be able to describe the oftenness of recombination 4)Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 31 ratio for a particular trait.What does this suggest? 5) The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the rinciple of free assortment. What does this suggest about the seven traits studied by Mendel? 6) In the cross AaBbCc x AaBbCc, what Is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC 7) Given the rears AABBCc x AabbCc, assume simple dominance for each trait and Independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny testament be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent? ) Which of the following is the best statement of the use of the addition rule of probability? A) the probability that dickens or more independent events will both occur B) the probability that dickens or more ndependent events will both occur in the offspring of one set of parents C) the probability that either one of two Independent events will occur D) the probability of produc ing two or more heterozygous offspring E) the likelihood that a trait is due to two or more meiotic events 9) Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white.A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we immerse may be oval or long, with long being the dominant characteristic. *** If true-breeding red long radishes are crossed with true-breeding white oval radishes, what will the Fl phenotype? flower color trait in radishes Is an example of which of the B) trip out linkage C) codominance D) incomplete dominance E) epistasis 10) Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus.Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, cast sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all. *** The descent between genes S and N is an example of A) incomplete domin ance. B) epistasis. C) complete dominance. D) pleiotropy. E) codominance. 1) Women (and all female mammals) have one active X chromosome per cell instead of two. What causes this?A) modification of the XIST gene so that it is active solitary(prenominal) on one X chromosome, which then becomes inactive B) activation of the Barr gene on one of the two X chromosomes that then inactivates C) crossover between the XIST gene on one X chromosome and a related gene on an autosome D) inactivation of the XIST gene on the X chromosome derived from the male parent E) the removal of methyl (CH3) groups from the X chromosome that will remain active 12) Which of the following statements is true of linkage? A) The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them.B) The find frequency of recombination of two genes that are far apart from each opposite has a maximum look on of 100%. C) All of the traits that Mendel studied-seed color, pod sh ape, flower color, and others-are due to genes linked on the same chromosome. D) Linked genes are found on different chromosomes. E) Crossing over occurs during prophase II of meiosis. 13) What does a frequency of recombination of 50% taper? A) The two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes. B) All of the offspring have combinations of traits that match one of the two parents.C) The genes are located on sex chromosomes. D) Abnormal meiosis has occurred. E) Independent assortment is hindered. 14) Map units on a linkage map cannot be relied upon to calculate physical distances on a chromosome for which of the following reasons? A) The frequency of crossing over varies along the length of the chromosome. B) The relationship between recombination frequency and map units is different in every individual. C) Physical order on the chromosomes is slightly different in every individual. E) Linkage map istances are identical between males and females. 5) Which of the followi ng is known as a Philadelphia chromosome? A) a human chromosome 22 that has had a specific translocation B) a human chromosome 9 that is found only in one type of cancer C) an animal chromosome found primarily in the mid-Atlantic res publica of the United States D) an imprinted chromosome that always comes from the mother E) a chromosome found not in the nucleus but in mitochondria 16) The following is a map of four genes on a chromosome. Figure 1 Between which two genes would you expect the highest frequency of recombination? A) A and WB) w and E C) E and G D) A and E E) A and G 17) How do we describe transformation in bacteria? A) the creation of a strand of DNA from an ribonucleic acid molecule B) the creation of a strand of RNA from a DNA molecule C) the infection of cells by a phage DNA molecule D) the type of semiconservative replication shown by DNA E) concentration of external DNA into a cell 18) Cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides in a have of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine? 19) What is meant by the description antiparallel regarding the strands that make p DNA?A) The twisting nature of DNA bring outs nonparallel strands. B) The 5 to 3 direction of one strand runs counter to the 5 to 3 direction of the other strand. C) Base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands. D) One strand is positively charged and the other is negatively charged. E) One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidines. 20)An Okazaki fragment has which of the following arrangements? A) primase, polymerase, ligase B) 3 RNA nucleotides, DNA nucleotides 5 C) 5 RNA nucleotides, DNA nucleotides 3 D) DNA polymerase l, DNA polymerase.

Organizational Behavior Study Guide Essay

Organizational deportment is the understanding of how organizations release and how to be in possession of hoi polloi set efficiently. It is extracted from different atomic number 18as of study, and is interested in how these fields atomic number 18 integrated into workplace air.Basic Leadership Model k todayledge of OB x expressional skills = leading effectivenessOrganizational Behavior 1) individual level is where members make sense of the world and derive motivation. 2) how teams function. How they deal, ethical decision devising, and power politics. 3) Organizational level how the firm is structured, selecting developing talent, creating sustaining a culture, manage change.Behavioral skills allay team decision making, effective communication, effective negotiation, use power wisely, and managers organization change.Organization change oer time theories become much complex and and yet more accurate but they ar harder to harbour since they ar all based on t he situation and culture limits the applicability of these theories also.Pre 20 century work was d unrivalled from home/crafts, orgs were military and church, Adam Smith division of grind and theories of use of machinery to save labor costs.1900 industrialism and mass production using division of labor.1920 scientific management fred taylor cult of efficiency task analysis, standardization, stand by execution of instrument, training, and systemic selection. Classical management Henry Fayle PODSC planning, organizing, directing, staffing, and controlling. Unity of command one leader, specialization doing one activity and people got good at it so replacing was easy. Scalar chain the yields of an output TxC introduce multiplied by constant. Span of control how many subordinates under control. During this time was 5 to 7 now its over 20.1930 Hawthorne studies by Elton mayo. Findings were that interaction in the test group had increased productivity feelings and supervision had giving effect in production. Informal groups also were formed due to interaction.1940 group dynamics when teams made their bear decisions they required more information to be shared with employees and yet this was complex but made them have a sense of commitment to the art. Bureaucracy with Max Weber job descriptions, specific responsibility, written rules, ripe(p) of appeal, fair and equal treatment and managing became a profession to learn.1950- Task leaders were only concerned with accomplishing the task. loving leaders were concerned with employees. Limits to rationality suffice rather than maximize. There is a limit of how much info. You gouge absorb. Gordon Howell it asked for professionalism and more scientific knowledge.1960,1970-Systems thinking environment and organization explaining and predicting behavior. Contingency thinking variables on meanss. Leadership is dependent upon(p) on many factors.1980 and now Mckribbin porter studies asked for more communication, a nd social skills and cultural diversity.Leader- awakeness ordain make a better leader. Biographical traits, personality, attitudes and values, ability influences your perception and motives. And perception and motivation influence productivity, absence, turnover, and satisfaction. When hiring skills, attitudes and values, and personality are looked at if you fit in the organization and see how well you work in teams. plurality who dont fit in lead have downhearted capital punishment high absenteeism/turnover.Age-older people are little likely to be absent for avoidable reasons and more likely to be absent for unavoidable reasons. ( much(prenominal) as illness). Older people have les employment opportunities. Their job provides them with higher wages and pension benefits. Productivity there is no relation with age. Positive satisfaction 60+.Gender- no gender differences and no differences in productivity. Women are more likely to be absent because of children.Marital status- i n general married people are more stable, brings job to be more valuable, fewer absence and turnover rates, more meet.Tenure people who have been around for a long while are likely to stay and there is change magnitude turnover. Tenure on previous jobs help predict employees future turnover. Promotes conveys loyalty. Extra experience leads to increased productivity. great power skills that individual posses. Intellectual ability mental activities, thinking, reasoning and problem solving. Those individuals who have a high dependable ability and work at jobs that do not challenge them become bored and lack motivation. animal(prenominal) ability require forcible traits for some jobs. Emotional intelligence self awareness turn aware of yourself and your areas of strength. egotism management working without constant supervision. Self motivated ability to persist if there is setbacks or failures, social skills the ability to deal with others and their emotions, empathy ability t o sense how others are feeling. Emotional intelligence affects job performance as employees flowerpot relate to each other.Cultural Values experiences learned that shape our behavior. High low power distance how equal or unequal you are between others in your society, u.s is low/democratic. Uncertainity avoidance preferring structure than unstructured. Cognitive dissoance when there is a conflicting emotion or tension after making a decision. Refers to any incompatibility than an individual might perceive between two or more if his or her attitudes, or between his or her behavior and attitudes.Personality heredity, environment, situations determine personality. Locus of control the power point to which people believe they are masters of their own fate. When we succeed we take credit for it, but when we fail, we blest others. Internals in control of our destiny and are more satisfied and fewer absences. Externals believe their lives are controlled by outside forces higher absenc es and less satisfaction. Extroversion social, assertive. Introverted reserved, timid. Machiavellianism pragmatic, emotional distant, ends justify means, aggressive tactics. High machs less persuaded, win more, manipulate more, flourish face to face and when theres no rules. Self esteem more confidence, higher risk takers. Self monitoring ability to adjust to external behavior and situations. High Self monitors aware of outside cues, and put on faces.Perceptions-input gives meaning to surrounding. Influenced by perceiver attitudes, motives, interests, experiences, expectations. score motion, size, background, similarity. Situation time, work, social. We judge people to find a behavior based on motives and interests. attribution Theory- Attribution theory- Tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a disposed behavior. We attempt to determine if a given behavior is internally or externally caused. Assessed by 3 factors Distinctiveness- whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations. Consensus- is his response unique or expected from everyone in a similar situation? Consistency- does the person respond the same way over time? Fundamental attribution error- The trend to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the internal factors when making judgments about others behaviors.Self-serving bias- The propensity for individuals to atribute their own successes to internal factors and blame failures on external factors. Frequently used shortcuts in judging others discriminating perception- The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of ones interest, background, experience, and attitudes. Halo effect- the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on a basis of a single characteristic. he is all good and nothing bad or vice versa.Contrast effect- valuation of a persons characteristics that is affected by comparison with other people recently encountered who post higher or lower on the same characteristic. Ie. Someone being assessed right after an expert or psyche that does a bad job will affect how you view that person. Stereotyping- Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs.Profiling/Stereotyping- A form of stereotyping in which a group of individuals is singed out- typically on basis of race, ethnicity- for intensive inquiry, scrutiny, or investigation.Self- fulfilling prophecy- a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception.Motivation- how much effort an individual puts forth to achieve organizational intents. exercise = motivation, ability, opportunity.Learning Theory environment determines an individuals behavior. Law of Effect(operant conditioning, or reinforcement theory) behavior is a function of it s consequences. People got to learn to behave a way to get what the want. Shaping Behavior- individuals behavior is shaped by recognise each successive step that moves them closer to a desired response. Positive reinforcement following a desired response with something pleasant, negative following a response by termination or breakup of something unpleasant. Punishment causing an unpleasant condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior. Extinction eliminating any reinforcement that maintains behavior. employ Well pay vs sick pay, lotteries, and recognition programs.Need Theory- the individual is in control of changing behavior and not the environment. Maslows Hierarchy Maslows hierarchy of needfully. From Low to high.1. Physiological- food, water, shelter, bodily needs2. Safety- protection from emotional and physical harm3. Social- affection, belongingness, friends4. Esteem- self respect, autonomy, recognition, attention5. Self actualization- achieving full potential, growthAs each need becomes satisfied the next need becomes dominant. A substantial satisfied need no longer motivates. High crop needs internally satisfied such as social , esteem, and self actualization. Low sanctify needs externally and psycho and safety needs. Extrinsic rewards such as pay tends to decrease motivation for something that was as such rewarding.Extrinsic rewards given to someone performing an interesting task causes interest in the task. Two factor theory intrinsic factors such as advancement, recognition, responsibility, and achievement, are related to job satisfaction and extrinsic factors such as supervision, pay, company policies, and working conditions are associated with dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors these factors are conditions surrounding the job low order needs and people complain about and in order to motivate people on the job hertzburg suggests to emphasize characteristics that people find intrinsically rewarding.Equity Theory- comparison of outcomes such a s rewards and promotions, to inputs such as effort, skills, experience, and knowledge to others in the organization and then(prenominal) respond to eliminate any inequities. Inequity (under rewarded) low performance and over rewarded performance will increase.Job enrichment (vertical)- is the vertical expansion of jobs, increasing the degree to which the worker controls the planning, execution, and valuation of his or her work. Expanding jobs vertically gives employees the opportunities, responsibilities, and controls that were previously reserved for management. Autonomy, feed back results, feedback channel, and recognizes individuals desire to grow.Job enlargement (horizontal)- is the mentation to expand jobs, more tasks to work with, broaden the job. Skill variety, task identity seeing the job getting fully done, task significance allows employees to form natural work units where asks they perform create meaningful whole.Employee mesh Programs- allows orgs to focus on areas their workers know best. Gives sense of belonging, power, information, attitudes/values, and rewards move down the org, allows high needs to be satisfied, becoming motivated, committed, performance up, and satisfied. Line of sight things way too far away that decreased motivation.Expectancy Theory- notion that an employee will be motivated to exert effort when it will lead to good performance then reward and hence satisfy its goals. Developed by Victor Vroom. Expectancy (effort performance) beliefThat effort will lead to good performance. Skills experience and performance clarity is satisfied. Instrumentality (performance reward) belief that good performance will lead to desired outcomes. Valence (reward personal goal) the degree to which org. rewards will satisfy your needs and how attractive they are intrinsic and extrinsic. Effort to perform = expectancy, instrumental, valance.Gain Sharing- a formula based on group bonus plan. Focuses on productivity cost saving rather than p rofits. Relies less on extrinsic factors. Gain can happen without profit.Skill based pay- pay levels are based on how many skills employees have. Technical, managerial, and social. Provides flexibility to perform diff. tasks and skills are interchangeable. Facilitates communication between people to gain better understanding of the jobs. Downside, no promotions and there are limitations to how much you can learn before you top out. Timed training rotation periodic switching of an employee from one task to another. When employee becomes not challenged the employee is changed to maintain motivation levels high.Trait Theory- differs leaders from non-leaders. By looking at personal qualities to traits. Works well when in no structure or ambiguous teams. Leaders are born not made. Emergence of leadership rather than the leaders effect on performance. They have to be ambitious, energy, honesty, integrity, high self monitors. However, the theory may not work because fails to clarify the i mportance of different traits. not a clear cause and effect relationship.Behavior Theories- assumes that leaders can be trained and the goal here is to develop potential leaders. The problem with these theories is that effective behaviors do not generalize across situations. Ohio studies 2 dimensions initiating structure bound to which a leader is likely to define goals and expectations. Leaders focus is task. Consideration the extent to which a leader has a relation with employees, trust, respect for ideas, and feelings. The leader is people oriented and focused on the employees.