Homeless English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Homeless English - Essay Example However, many individual, structural, family and social factors are also contributing to this problem. For example, divorce rate is increasing day by day in America and subsequently single parenthood is also rising. Single parenthood prevent families from achieving enough income for managing family expense and the ultimate outcome could be poverty and homelessness. Many people are of the view that governmental intervention and assistances are necessary to assist people do build have their own homes. â€Å"Around $2.5 billion of dollars has already been sanctioned by the Obama administration for solving homelessness problems in America† (Obama Administration awards $1.4 billion in homeless grants). However, many others are of the view that such assistance is not necessary to this problem. In their opinion, such huge assistance will make the people lazy or idle and they will approach the government for everything without doing their duties properly. This paper analyses the argum ents in favor and against governmental assistance to homelessness problems. contribute to the homelessness problem. Children seem to be most important community upon which homelessness problem affect seriously. Government, social organizations and individuals should combine well and act effectively to eradicate homelessness related problem from the world. Homeless children are sick at twice the rate of other children. They suffer twice as many ear infections, have four times the rate of asthma, and have five times more diarrhea and stomach problems. Homeless children go hungry twice as often as nonhomeless children. More than one-fifth of homeless preschoolers have emotional problems serious enough to require professional care, but less than one-third receive any treatment. Homeless children are twice as likely to repeat a grade compared to nonhomeless children. Homeless children have twice the rate of learning disabilities and three times the rate of emotional and behavioral proble ms of nonhomeless children. Half of school-age homeless children experience anxiety, depression, or withdrawal compared to 18 percent of nonhomeless children (Bassuk &Friedman, 2005, p.2). The above statistics clearly show that homelessness may cause extreme damages to the children and it should be reduced or avoided completely for the better development of the children. Children are the future asset of a nation and no country can keep a blind eye towards the healthy development of the children. Homelessness in fact affect children more than any other community. Not only for physical growth, but also for the emotional or mental growth. Children need their own homes. Homelessness will create an unsecure feeling in the minds of the children which is not good for their healthy development. Community based shelter homes are provided to many of the homeless people in America. Such strategies may cause more damage than good to the safe development of children. So, governmental assistance is necessary to avoid homelessness in America. The recent recession, has affected the poor people more than the rich people. Poor people usually stay in rented homes since they are don’t have enough resources to purchase a property and build their own homes. Financial institutions already started the tightening of screws while allocating mortgages or home loans as a result of the lessons they learned from the recent recession. So, poor people are facing extreme difficulties in finding enough financial assistance for making their

Cost Cutting Energy Efficiency Solution for Southern Wal-Mart Stores Research Paper

Cost Cutting Energy Efficiency Solution for Southern Wal-Mart Stores - Research Paper Example Description of the case study Description of the case study Ideally, Walmart has operations overseas and across borders but its primary operations are in the U.S. With significant nearly 25% of its stores and clubs operating in the Southern U.S, Wal-Mart is southern branches contribute significant revenue (Corporate.walmart.com). Wal-Mart sells various merchandize ranging from household items to electronics. However, the energy consumption points are its stores and club operations spread in Southern region. Investment on energy efficiency is a fundamental strategy in cutting the costs in an organization such as Wal-Mart. Energy efficiency is an excellent approach in saving costs for a business without compromise on customer product or service delivery. In the ever competitive business environment, commercial buildings consume an average of 14.1 Kilowatt-hours (KWH) of electricity per year per given facility according to the online statistics that published recently. The extensive cos ts are highly impactful on the financial statements and profitability of an organization. In retail industry, maintaining minimum costs is effective to sustain profitability. Wal-Mart stores in the south operate on an energy saving strategies that dictate sharing of light systems. Furthermore, the company has a culture that encourages its employees to use electricity when necessary. Additionally, the company uses solar systems in some of its stores to offer alternative source. Despite all the above strategies, gap still exist to improve efficiency.

Civil Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Civil Law - Essay Example The basic purpose of punishing someone is to make him understand that he has committed a wrong and he should be made to pay for it, though not in terms of cash or something but in a manner that will do some good for this human being in the long run. Punishments have to be understood in the proper context, so as to state the least. We will delve further through the course of this paper as to how punishment is linked with morality, equality, rights of human beings and just about everything that comes under the banner. Equality is man's most perilous metaphor whereby it has haunted and made a fool of him for a number of years now. Equality and indeed justice takes into account a number of differences amongst people, top of the list of which includes the racial ones that are either ancestral which may be hereditary or inborn as well as cultural, i.e., procured from society after one's birth. This one can usually be changed or at times totally removed with the enforcement of changes that might be social in nature. These changes are in essence, autonomous of man's laws, rules, regulations and customs, except over a period of many eras. Justice particularly has a number of characteristics as it basically chalks down the conditions and necessities that are linked up with it. Justice within a society is not all about being fair but also holds a great deal of importance on being just and timely. It is a true saying that justice delayed is justice denied; for this reason justice takes both these things wh en it is defined in the truest sense of the word. Justice is radically associated with the mighty men - the rulers and the ones who govern a particular area or a regiment of soldiers. Justice thus holds supreme importance for these brave men as they are the ones who lay the foundation for the society to be a part of the equal rights and hence the fairness fable in general. The concepts of civil rights and of civil law are both functions of the concept of civil society whereby it is that bubble of private action free of government control. It is not free of government action, because government action secures the nature of civil society by the protection of persons against criminal wrongs. The essence of civil society is thus that people are left by government to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, while the government protects the citizens from criminal wrongs of violence, theft, fraud as well as many others. The most violent and heinous crimes committed anywhere in the world are by the youth. These are organized and in a proper manner, with no shortcomings at any end on anyone's part. Research has found out that the youth are the ones who are most definitely involved in this menace. At times, the politicians are the ones who use them in order to hold protests against any civil or governmental norm prevalent in a certain region of the world which enrage these youth. Studies have shown that the extreme cases of criminal behaviours all involved having youth at their expanse. They not only bring with them terror for the common citizens but also introduce a huge dust of alcohol, abuse of drugs and many other forbidden things in the society. The future generation should be made to stay away from this peril as much as possible. Studies show that these young people are those who are

Time Value of Money _ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Time Value of Money _ - Essay Example It is important that lawyers should note the key issues in annuity sale and investment. The relationship between a trustee and the beneficiaries is fiduciary (Warren, Reeve & Duchac, 2012). Trustee must in his profession exercise diligence, prudence, and care in managing the affairs of other persons. The principal duties of a trustee include; not making profit out of his trust, acting in good faith, to be accountable to his beneficiaries, not to misuse confidential information or put himself in a position where interests and duty is conflict (Warren, Reeve & Duchac, 2012). The circumstances that trustee should consider while making investments include the general economic conditions, the expected tax consequences of investment strategies, the possible effects of inflation or deflation, the appreciation of capital and expected total returns, the other resources that the beneficiary has, needs for liquidity and regularities of income, an assets special value to the purposes of the trust and to the other beneficiaries. Variable annuities can either be deferred or immediate. Variable annuities allow an investor to choose from sub accounts that include geographic, sector and brood index stock funds. They also have affixed account.Varible annuities convert capital gains into ordinary income and have considerably higher expenses compared with comparable mutual funds. For this reason they are quite unsuitable for most investors. Equity indexed annuities offer reduced equity participation but with protection against losses. The level of equity indexed annuities caps will be related with interest rates and not stock prices. EIAs have larger commissions associated with them. Larger commissions are usually linked to complex surrender charges for long periods, hence less liquid and elastic. Equity indexed annuities promise a capped participation in equity returns, with a guarantee that no losses will be incurred. Equity indexed annuities are a hybrid fixed not

Ivan Ilyitch and Wasted Lives Essay Example for Free

Ivan Ilyitch and Wasted Lives Essay The stories dealt with in this paper seek happiness in the wrong places. They stress the failures of modern life, the falsity of success and the elusiveness of happiness when it is not grounded in virtue. Virtuous and simple living are the last things to be discussed in these stories, but happiness is searched for according to the easiest and most sensual manners possible. Modern society has failed to bring happiness and fulfillment, and these stories speak as to why. What is terrible about modern life is the definitions of happiness and fulfillment based on money and social standing. It is roundly condemned by journalists and moralists, but remains as powerful as ever as motivating factors in behavior. In Tolstoy’s famous Death of Ivan Ilyitch, the film’s hero, Ivan, is a lawyer, a member of the prestigious judicial council (127) who has recently taken ill, as lies in his last few hours considering his life. His main concern throughout his life is what Tolstoy calls comme il faut, that is, the maintaining of appearances regardless of circumstances. Even his marriage was based on social standing and on the opinions of high society, rather than love (130). In â€Å"The Necklace,† the young woman wants the necklace that nearly destroys their life solely so that she will look like a successful person at the party given by the Ministry of Education. It ends in disaster as the necklace is lost. After being passed over for several promotions, Ivan was sent to a remote outpost in â€Å"the country,† where he quickly fell into boredom and ennui. He then left his family to go back to his Petrograd post, because high society is the only place he felt comfortable. His social cues came from that society. After falling while decorating his house–decorating solely for the approbation of the same society–he developed what appears to be cancer, and quickly died, mirroring the life and death of Aurora in Terms. The will cannot bring happiness and human life often has a rhythm of its own that cannot be controlled by the state, social institutions or an overprotective mother. It is in this interval that he meets Gerasim, a simple peasant without pretense or guile, the opposite of Ivan (148). Gerasim was Ivan’s assistant when he was ill. Gerasim cared not for society, but for the simple hard work that typified the peasant. He was a â€Å"natural† man rather than Ivan, the â€Å"artificial† one. But in Chapter IX is where a â€Å"voice† begins to speak to Ivan, speaking to him about life. Happiness is based on simplicity, not on the worship of the status quo and the domination of social norms. The artificial world of high society was not joyous, but merely a set of obligations. â€Å"And that deadly official life, and anxiety about money and so for one year, and two, and ten, and twenty, always the same thing† (157). But this was the life of success, of high society, of the elite: and it failed to make Ivan happy. The move from childhood, with its simple joys, to that artificial world of elite adulthood was correlated with the falsity of his happiness and the deadening of joy. This is also to be seen in â€Å"Araby,† where children are the only ones left with imagination as they come of age. The complex and hypocritical world of high society deadened him and his life. This story about a dying man looking at his life seems to be well read, but never heeded. Ivan is all of us who equate success with money and social standing, who view childhood as â€Å"trivial† and the approbation of institutions as central. Ivan conformed his entire life, from his marriage to political views, around what was dominant in high society. In this process, he was successful, but not happy. If anything, the two concepts exist in an inverse relation. Success in modern life is not a happy life. It is unhappy because ultimately, it is one set of obligations after another. Money is always a problem–investments, the market, inflation, taxes, economic cycles all contribute to the anxiety of all but the most wealthy of moderns. Social life, as in Ivan, is a bore, with a set round of obligatory social relations and gatherings, all of which seem to set the â€Å"success† class apart from the commoners. But Ivan, through the example of Gerasim, sees that the simple peasant, the agriculturalist, without the social obligations of the Petrograd lawyer, is happy, joyful and finds a great deal of satisfaction in labor and its invigorating aspects so common in farm work. But labor, in modern life, is something to be avoided rather than embraced and farm work is seen as â€Å"backward† in the prejudice of moderns. In the film Terms of Endearment, the parallels are subtle, but present. Aurora is the protective mother, always concerned for the ultimate happiness of her daughter, Emma. Once’s Emma’s first romance fails, and Aurora seems pushed out of her life, the latter finds romantic comfort with a married, â€Å"successful† man, a banker, Sam Burns. At the same time, Aurora, after remaining sexless for many years, has a whirlwind relationship with an ex-astronaut, Garrett Breedlove. It is hard to see the placement of the false society here, as is the case with The Necklace and A Good Man. Both Emma and her mother live within the false society of modern life, believing that sex and finding the â€Å"right† man will bring happiness. Virtue is not mentioned, nor the life of the mind, but happiness is defined solely in respect of an other, a romantic, sexual relationship that is supposed to make people happy. Both characters, Aurora and Emma, are trapped and the free sex that exists throughout the movie is a conformist device, not a rebellious one. If anything, the fact that Aurora dies of cancer tells her that happiness cannot be found in this life, for even if Aurora was right all along, and Emma was her best friend, she still would have died a miserable death. Having sex with the drunken Breedlove has changed nothing. This film seems to be a set of negative examples: overprotection does not lead to protected children, and sex does not lead to happiness, nor does romance. If anything, it is a veiled attack on the modern obsession with the sexually carnal, that promises pleasure and happiness but usually ends with emptiness. Such is also the final scene in â€Å"Araby,† where the fair itself, symbolizing all sexual and sensual, is a disappointment. The build up the young boy has created in himself was far too high for actual reality. Sex is modern life is often considered this Holy Grail of acceptance that often leads to disappointment. The Necklace, a short story by Guy de Maupassant, has far more parallels with Tolstoy than Terms. The single reality is that the necklace is part of the world of falsity within which Ivan and his ilk live. The very fact that the necklace itself is a cheap fake is part of the scheme–it matters not if the object is genuine, it does its job of making the world think that you belong and that you’re part of the â€Å"successful† club. The obligation that Ivan finds in his life is mirrored in the couple’s having to work for a decade to repay the alleged price of the genuine necklace, which never even existed. The necklace is the ultimate attack on the falsity of â€Å"successful† life–the necklace exists solely to convince others of something, but it is not even real. At the same time, the labor that has gone into paying for the non-existent real necklace speaks of the waste and profligacy of the wealthy, who normally pay huge sums for such trinkets, and call it happiness or success. The young boy in â€Å"Araby† though that his love interest and the fair at Araby would provide this. All these sorts of things provide is emptiness. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is a far more subtle work, centering around a self-centered grandmother that speaks of The Misfit, a killer who is allegedly making his way though to Florida, where her family wants to go on vacation. The family eventually makes their way to Tennessee where, in an accident caused by a hidden cat, the disabled car is sat upon by the Misfit and his group, who eventually murders the entire family when the grandmother yells out that the Misfit is here, hence, necessitating the Misfit’s murder of his identifiers. There is a hint that the Misfit is in fact the grandmother’s son, and the grandmother, possibly attempting to save her own life, attempts to calm of Misfit by touching him, which leads to a scene where the murderer hesitates, but soon steps back to shoot her. It seems that Terms and Good man are highly parallel, showing an overprotective parent seeking happiness in all the wrong places. Where The Necklace and Ivan are centered around the concept of falsity and the lies and hypocracy of modern life and its arbitrary definition of â€Å"success. † All four are concerned with happiness broadly speaking, but only Tolstoy holds out the hope for any real happiness, a happiness that can only be gained by simplicity and a return to the land. Modern behaviors cannot understand this.

Apply Bourdieus Work On Fields

Apply Bourdieus Work On Fields Cultural artefact has recently become the main study within the sociology department, due to the research sociological interest in fashion is increasing. Cultural artefact is the influence that is produced through our unawareness responses and attitudes toward the society. Hence fashion is important resource that illustrates the reflection of the current society or the era, at the same time individuals form and create their personal aspects of unique identity. Through this context, Crane (2000) who studied the social role in fashion states the fascination of the subject where one interprets their purpose about specific form of culture through clothing. In fact, appropriate appearance was the common powerful example of manifestation at point of time. Furthermore, style of clothing or fashion is the indication of the social status and gender, which strongly influences either maintaining or breaking down the symbolic boundaries. According to Bourdieu, societies reinforce their distance or differentiate themselves from other classes through tastes, which is determined and maintained by the dominant of symbolic hierarchy. Thus, taste becomes social ammunition that defines and retrains cultural objects; legitimate from the illegitimate, hence, in the lights of taste formation of fashion, this would be high fashion from the mass fashion (Bourdieu, 1995). This essay focuses on to explain Bourdieus theory of consumer taste and formation where fashion is applied strategically. Finkelstein notes that fashion is an organisation of knowledge based on restricted access to goods and services (Finkelstein, 1998:80), and that the ability to recognize the fashionable reflects an actors cultural capital. This is illustrated perfectly in the work of Joanne Entwistle and Agnà ¨s Rocamora, The Field of Fashion Materialized: A Study of London Fashion Week which has aided me greatly in exemplifying Bourdieus key concepts of the field, capital and habitus in amplifying our consumer preferences in fashion. In this essay, I will attempt to clearly define the concept of field, habitus and capital and how these concepts are used to understand the social phenomena particular to fashion. Bourdieus theory is in continuous subject of interest, which is characterised by the cultural reproduction or cultural capital. Especially, it is evaluated that his forms of capital has brought a fundamental shift through bridging Marxists distinction of class with Webers cultural status to his theory. Bourdieu has distinguished that within the competitive society, the forms of capital are classified as implements according to various activities. Hence important concept introduced by Bourdieu is that of capital, which he encompasses beyond the notion of material assets to capital that may be social, cultural or symbolic (Bourdieu 1986: cited in Navarro 2006: 16). The period from material to cultural and the symbolic forms of capital is the majority, which conceal the foundation of inequality. Furthermore, Bourdieu states that there are three crucial mechanisms in the forms of capital in class reproduction. Thus economic capital, the foundation of the structural class and based on thi s creation and standing in the invariable condition, will provide the cultural capital and social capital to convert into economic capital. Cultural capital and the means by which it is created or transferred from other forms of capital plays a central role in societal power relations, as this provides the means for a non-economic form of domination and hierarchy, as classes distinguish themselves through taste (Gaventa 2003: 6). The most important contribution and emphasis in Bourdieus capital awareness is an ability to distinguish the capital which could not be captured with only economic capital in the reproducing mechanism of social class. These forms of capital are equally significant, and can be accumulated and transferred from one arena to another (Navarro 2006: 17). Bourdieu stresses the common feature of the cultural and social capital, which is used without distinguishing them. Due to the following reasons, two types of capitals are applied strongly as the mechanism of the production, where the social justice was approved. First of all, to be able to possess these two capitals requires long-term investment; therefore people who are attempting to raise their class may experience difficulty in overcoming these obstacles. Secondly, unlike economic capital, it is difficult to qualify and for the social members to recognise the role of their capital visualisation within the social production. Therefore, the possessions of the cultural / social capital are related to the ability of generating the diversion in the social status and cultural preferences in the large community, which by all means fashion. Fashion itself states ones social class, which strongly relates to Bourdieus idea of social capitalism. fashion is treated as a cultural subject, in which most emphasis is on fashion as a badge or a means of identity. (P. Braham, 1997, p.121) However, relationship between class and fashion can be divided in two opinions, agreeing to emphasis correspondence view to disagreeing, in terms of preferences in clothing and fashion is symbolically expressed to differentiate the status of class. In addition, looking through Bourdieus concept of capital, there are two theories, which apply with the correspondence of emphasising the association between class and fashion. One focused on the relation with economic capital and fashion, the other being the cultural capital and fashion. Furthermore, the opposing views signify the connection between different characteristics other than class to fashion. Within the significance of focusing the relationship between fashion and economic capital to class and fashion, there is a common concept by Simmel known as the Trickle Down theory, which illustrates the clothing act and fashion. Simmel perceived fashion as the product, which the economic capital is the foundation of structural class. He also at the time identified the Paris fashion as the dynamic interclass mimicry and desire of many kinds. Since the lower class continuously mimic the upper class, the upper classes are in need to search for the new mode to differ from others. Thus, according to Simmel (1997), fashion can be seen faddish, however, the flow of the communication from top to bottom is considered to be persistent. Moreover, after the WWI, the aesthetics of functional ready-to-wear products were introduced; hence the opposing of the top to bottom flow became the movement of Western fashion history. Veblens conspicuous consumption model is in attention with the itemised consumption within the fashion, which is idealised with the revelation of individuals economical capital. His work on The theory of the leisure class (1899-1983) introduces the first response of conspicuous consumption as the development of criticising an idea for the Americas capital concept in profligacy. Veblens states the ones reputation is represented by the ownership and conspicuousness, which provokes jealousy and symbolises the level of wealth within the group. Furthermore, the typical variation are established in upper-class, for example, ones idleness of spending inconvenient production of time, sophisticated preferences, manners, lifestyle, and so on. All of the above examples are the necessity of time and expenses shown through the economic capital to symbolise ones ability and status. Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods is a means of reputability to the gentlemen of leisure. (Veblen, 1899/1983) Veblen argues different view on accepting the class of trend to Simmel. Thus, opposing to accepting new style in order to expose the indication of the discrimination between the lower-class to the community who aims to raise their social standing, the group of society in foundation to inherit the stabilised high status has relatively low tendency of interest in the latest fashion. These analyses has provided with the evidence of peoples motivation on accepting fashion. This leads to Bourdieus primary idea of Habitus; the text La Distinction demonstrates the manifestation of habitus. Habitus is considered as one of Bourdieus most influential concept in his studies. The concept refers to our physical action such as, habits, characteristics, and abilities that we acquire throughout our life experiences which the idea is based on the cultural capital. In addition, it can also be seen as the structure, which is produced by through our thoughts and movement. This in turn, creates our exter nal social world and structured by the social world. Therefore, habitus can be seen as the collective individuated, through the biological individual. Furthermore, habitus can be similar within groups of people; hence seen as a collective phenomenon. Habitus in fashion can be considered as style, it is depended on ones characteristic, the era of the society, and ones social status. This again is emphasised in forms of capital where, without money these types of forms will not exist. To explain the idea of habitus Bourdieu frequently uses the metaphor from the sports feel for the game. Meaning although our body and mind are constantly reminded of our surrounding, without having to consciously acknowledging it, each individuals has an embodied kind of feeling of the social positions of themselves. Habitus can also be counted as taste for the cultural items such as fashion, art, food and lifestyle. Adapting this into fashion is reasonably obvious, by observing peoples taste in fashion; others are able to identify the mode at the time and also their characteristic, as nowadays individuals use fashion products to reveal their selves. Accordingly, Bourdieu focuses on French society, where all the above cultural items are considered as social class positions. He strongly argues that the artistic sensibilities are surrounded by habitus. For example, the upper-class individuals are able to enjoy the rich culture without any limit compared to others, as they are exposed t o the culture since the young age and this becomes their lifestyle unconsciously. Whereas the working-class are too busy and have limited access to the high art, therefore, they are unaware of such lifestyle. Hence, Bourdieus saying feel for the game cannot be applied to the working-class, as they are not culturally developed and is unaware of the game. This same rule also applies in fashion, only the upper-classes are flooded with pre-shows and various kinds of information about trends. After filtering through the designer wears / brands, it trickles down to the street fashion, which then the working-class have chance to view and follow on with less price. However, the unconscious minds of the working-class have strong need to follow the fashion and tends to over spend on things they do not need, they will never be able to feel and experience same way as the upper-class, therefore their demands are higher and cannot see the bigger picture. These kinds of inequality are mistakenly b elieved that some are born with finer things in their life compare to others; therefore this is where the middle-class appears. Middle-class society; the new money are introduced to guide the working-class to the better life. Nonetheless, although the middle-class may be wealthier than the working-class, their demands in consuming goods are higher than the upper-class. Before the middle-class was created, the high demands of the working-class was not much, as they were busy with their life and had limitation with their spending from the income. However, when the new money society arrived, they were stuck in between, they hope for the high culture social position, as well as having to work hard to stabilise their lifestyle. Therefore, they are However according to Navarro Habitus is not fixed or permanent, and can be changed under unexpected situations or over a long historical period (Navarro, 2006, p.16) A third concept that is important in Bourdieus theory is the idea of fields, which are the various social and institutional arenas in which people express and reproduce their dispositions, and where they compete for the distribution of different kinds of capital (Gaventa 2003: 6). A field is a network, structure or set of relationships which may be intellectual, religious, educational, cultural, etc. (Navarro 2006: 18). People often experience power differently depending which field they are in at a given moment (Gaventa 2003: 6), so context and environment are key influences on habitus: While Bourdieu is concerned to pay attention to both struc-ture and practice, his field theory errs too much in the direction of a struc-turalist analysis that neglects to fully document the ways in which fields are reproduced through the enactments of agents in daily practice and localized set-tings (Crossley, 2004). The world we live in is divided up by various kinds of fields. A field is considered as an organised production of characteristic of the social status, which influences the social situation for the society. However, this so-called arrangement and the association with objective status are fixed in forms of capital. Nonetheless the significance of the form of capital lies within the field. In other words capital is applied to ensure the position of the agent clear in its field. Hence in the society, the predominant in terms of field is considered as the social status. The social statuses are depended on money, which also plays a major part in the form of capital. The source is able to gain its power and influence by using the capital in certain fields. Therefore, the relation between habitus, fields and capital are the transitional source. Bourdieu believe that the social world is divided into various fields within every event and subjects, and within those small communities they hold their own set of rules, understanding and forms of capital. Despite the fact that some types of fields may have something in common, Bourdieu distinguishes each type of field as being independent from others. For example, fashion has countless fields; hence, each brand has their uniqueness and there are countless fashion brands which hold relatively similar products. However, although they may have similar designs people undertake those point of view as each brands interpretation of the common. Likewise, Bourdieus idea of field lies within these type of division. Although each field holds their own sets of beliefs it is the inevitable fact that they may have something in common, and within those area some field may suffer from loosing competition with other related fields. It is inevitable cycle that goes around any type of field, for ins tance field of fashion, each generation of designers and producers are required to overturn the well-known artists who came before them. Nonetheless, this cycle continues only to be evaluated by the next new generations of avant-garde who also may believe themselves as unique and powerful, therefore this cannot be redeem in any kind of sense. It can be considered as a fact rather than a cycle, this continues competition to win and survive in each field one belongs to, this idea of cycle or fact is crucial. As Boyne (1993: 248) argues, field is a macro-structural concept, which allowed us to capture the role and socio-temporal orchestration of the event. Thus, in bringing together the field participants into one spatially and temporally bounded event, LFW renders visible, through its orchestration, wider field characteristics, such as field boundaries, positions, position taking, and habitus. This rendering of the field is the key to understanding LFW as a critical moment in the life of the field as a whole. Despite its ostensible aim to simply showcase next seasons fashionable clothing, reproduce and legitimate the field of fashion and the positions of those players within it. The positions of the agents in the field are determined by the amount and weight of the capitals they have. Field are simultaneously spaces of conflict and competition as agents compete to gain a monopoly in the species of capital that most effective in the particular field. For instance agents in the field of fashion, may use social and economic capital to gain a monopoly on theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Bourdiu him self conceptualizes field as being more like magnetic fields. These varieties of field each have its own internal logic and regulatory principles govern the game on the field. The most important field though is the field of power. The hierarchy of the power relationship within the political field serves to structure all the other fields. Society then assembled of relatively autonomous sphere of play that cannot be collapsed under any overall social logic, like capitalism, modernity or postmodernity. The very shape and division of it becomes a central stake to the agents. Altering the distribution and relative weight of the different forms of capital within a field become ten a mount to modifying structure of the field. Therefore fields have historical dynamism about them to have merely ability that avoids the determinism of the classical structuralism. Bourdieus theory of capitals, habitus, and fields exist in many form of category in society. However, these types of theories rely on the social status, and by adapting this theory in fashion illustrates that majority of mode relies on money and upper class society. Without, upper classs experience and adventure in establishing mode, others would not have high chance in experiencing the minimum. This is shown through peoples taste in fashion. Fashion has now become key item to reveal ones character and social status. Bourdieus form of capital illustrates ones identity and their social status, habitus is considered as the unconscious mind revealing itself through style. Fields shows the division of social class. Bourdieu (1980) accounts for the tensions and contradictions that arise when people encounter and are challenged by different contexts. His theory can be used to explain how people can resist power and domination in one [field] and express complicity in another (Moncrieffe 2006: 37)

Applying Theory To Practice Problem Nursing Essay

Applying Theory To Practice Problem Nursing Essay This paper focuses on use of Betty Neuman systems Model in practice using a case study. The model focuses to finding a solution for a patient is none compliance with his care at home after being discharged. This case is a case that involves a patent who is discharged from hospital after treatment for a cognitive heart failure. The patient none compliance involves the continuing with the habit of smoking. This habit results chest pains which are because of the smoking habits. This model is selected for the practice to reflect the congruency that exists between the practitioners values and the assumptions of the model. The Neuman model perceived clients as being in a state of dynamic equilibrium with the environment. The environment is also considered a perceptual field that surrounds each person. Neumann has focused on the stress factors and the reaction of each person to the condition that bring about the stress. She brought forth the conviction that stress factors comprise the environment. The further argued that the disequilibrium in the body system that is caused the stress as a tension. This tension act as the stimuli, which has the potential of causing the illness to the individual that, is suffering from the stress. The environment is subdivided into two components that include the internal and external factor. The internal factors comprises of the forces that occur within an individual or intrapersonal stress factor. In our case, the example is smoking which the patient is involved in after being discharged. The external environment consists of interpersonal stress factors that result from interaction with other individuals. This is in terms of changes in the roles that can bring about stress to an individual. The physiological issues in patient perspective involve things like the ability to see, hear, and have mobility. There other things like the ability to breath, sleeping, feeling, eating, speaking, and the vital signs. This variable focuses on the physiological well being of the patient. By ensuring, that all this things are in appropriate in the patient the health can be guaranteed the way for them. The psychological variables involve the non-verbal behavior, attitudes, coping pattern, and response to stress. These things focus on the psychological status of the patient. Therefore, by ensuring that the patient psychological status is appropriate one can be able to facilitate the things that ensure the well-being of the patient is considered. There are various expectations in this variable that are recognized through evaluation of the patients behaviors and the way the patient handle stress. The social variable reflects much on the individuals values and culture. This is by exploring the social and cultural functions of the individual. This can be mainly approached in terms of the way this functionality influences the life of the individual. There are certain cultural believes that affect the life of a given individual negatively in terms of undergoing the medication. This is by getting involved in things that affect their well-being after the discharge form hospital. The other dimension is the developmental variable, which focuses on the process of life in an individual. This is in terms of the factors that are related to the present situation and they have an influence on the situation. The developmental dimensions in the human life make them to move from one stage in life to the other as time goes by. Therefore, the main objective of this variable is to determine how this change of development is affecting the particular patient in the problem. The other variable, which is considered significant in the life of a patient, is the spiritual variable. This focuses on the aspect of spirituality on a continuum from entire awareness of an individual. The patient may also be in a condition of denial to a consciously developed high level of spiritual understanding. There is a lot of usefulness to understand the spiritual well being of the patient since it can also contribute to the provision of quality health care services that will be beneficial to them. There is a way that a client perceives a stressor. In our case, the patient is concern about the fact that he had experienced the chest pain. This problem interfered with the way he undertook his daily activities before he was hospitalized. The patient can even find it hard to do all he wanted to do. This experience with a health problem is difficult to describe how he is planning to deal with other situation. His expectations are to carry on with his daily routine after being discharged from the hospital and recovering. It would be definitely be a source of stress if he does not manage to accomplish what he intend to after the experience with the illness. There is also a way in which a nurse perceives the stressors which is different from the perspective of the patient. The perception is through assessment of the patient by the nurse concerning the problem he is experiencing. According to the nurse perspective, the patient is not able to alter the way of living after the hospitalization. This becomes the reason why the patient is still suffering from the chest pains. It is evident that is the patient is continuing with the initial habit of smoking he is still bound to continue experiencing the pains in the chest. This is despite the fact that the individual have never coped with the same problem in the past. Therefore, the nurse perceives the stressor as being the behaviors that the patient gets involved in after the discharge from the hospital. There are short-term goals that the nurses focus on achieving in order for them to ensure that the patient has received quality health care. One of these goals is for the patient to stop suffering from this chest pains. The other goal is to make the patient to learn to live in a way that will facilitate his recovery. The next goal is to facilitate the increase of the tolerance of the patient to his daily activity. There are also some long-term goals that the nurses are focused on achieving in terms of treating the patient. These long-term goals entail the creation of an optimal degree of harmony and balanced between his external and internal environment. This is in terms seizing smoking habit, attaining the deal weight and development of a lifestyle which commensurate with a satisfying and fulfilling retirement. The nurses are also bound to prevent the invasion of stressors by providing the resources that strengthen the patients system and coping with positive functioning. This is though motivating the patient and using stress as a positive intervention strategy. The nurses can also engage in mobilizing the patients internal and external resources focusing on the achieving stability. They can also seek to maintain the stability through educating and reorienting the patients system as required. Conclusively, this model is considered to provide a reliable guide of different levels of nursing education. The models have managed to incorporate all the significant variables that enable the patient to improve in their conditions. The model lastly focuses on the way the patient can be encouraged to be involved in a good lifestyle. Â   Â   Â   Â