Fusion Power for Sustainable Development

Fusion Power for Sustainable Development Introduction Sustainable energy is about using energy wisely and using energy generated from clean sources and clean technologies. This approach is first step to ensuring we have sustainable energy and technologies for present and future generations. Being efficient with our energy will reduce our household and business energy bills, reduce the amount of energy we need to produce in the first place and cut energy related greenhouse pollution. Sustainable energy isn’t just about producing energy to meet the demands, it also means that the energy sources are clean and don’t have a detrimental on the environment. This essay will discuss in-depth how fusion power is the solution the energy crisis which is currently being faced around the world. Fusion is a very clean, green source of power which doesn’t have a detrimental impact in the environment. Nuclear fusion In nuclear physics, nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei collide at a very high speed and join to form a new type of atomic nucleus. During this process, mass is not conserved because some of the mass of the fusing nuclei is converted to photons (energy). Fusion is also the process that provides Sun and all other stars with their energy; the process involves the collision of atomic nuclei to release energy. Currently scientists and engineers are developing the technology that it can be used in power stations to meet the energy demands that are currently being faced globally. It is hoped that fusion will provide us with the solution for the current energy crisis and provide a clean renewable source of power for future generations. How fusion works In a fusion reaction, energy is released when two light atomic nuclei are fused together to form one heavier atom. This is the process that provides the energy powering the Sun and other stars, where hydrogen nuclei are combined to form helium. To achieve high enough fusion reaction rates to make fusion useful as an energy source, the fuel (two types of hydrogen – deuterium and tritium) must be heated to temperatures over 100 million degrees Celsius. At these extremely high temperatures the fuel becomes plasma. What is plasma? Plasma is the fourth state of matter with the others being solid, liquid and gas. a plasma is an ionized gas, a gas into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to allow both species, ions and electrons, to coexist. Plasma is a gas that has been energized to the point that some of the electrons break free from, but travel with, their nucleus. Gases can become plasmas in several ways, but all include pumping the gas with energy. A spark in a gas will create plasma. A hot gas passing through a big spark will turn the gas stream into a plasma that can be useful. Plasma torches like that are used in industry to cut metals. The plasma is also extremely thin and fragile, and is significantly less dense then air. To keep the plasma from being contaminated and cooled by contact with material surfaces it is contained in a magnetic confinement system. Magnetic confinement is the approach that Culham and many other laboratories are researching to provide energy from fusion. A plasma of light atomic nuclei is heated and confined in a circular bottle known as a tokamak, where it is controlled with strong magnetic fields. A magnetic fusion device, the maximum fusion power is achieved using deuterium and tritium. These fuse to produce helium and high-speed neutrons, releasing 17.6MeV (megaelectron volts) of energy per reaction. This is approximately 10,000,000 times more energy than is released in a typical chemical reaction. A commercial fusion power station will use the energy carried by the neutrons to generate electricity. The neutrons will be slowed down by a blanket of denser material surrounding the machine, and the heat this provides will be converted into steam to drive turbines and put power on to the grid. The Tokomak The tokamak is a magnetic confinement system and is a key component which is required for a fusion reaction to take place. Tokomak the base on which the fusion reactors of the future will be build around. It was first invented by the soviet union during the 1960s and it was soon adopted by scientists and engineers around the globe. The joint European Torus(JET ) , which is located at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, is the largest and most powerful set up which is currently in operation. tokamak components and functions are as follows: The plasma is contained in a vacuum vessel. The vacuum is maintained by external pumps. The plasma is created by letting in a small puff of gas, which is then heated by driving a current through it. The hot plasma is contained by a magnetic field which keeps it away from the machine walls. The combination of two sets of magnetic coils – known as toroidal and poloidal field coils – creates a field in both vertical and horizontal directions, acting as a magnetic ‘cage to hold and shape the plasma. Large power supplies are used to generate the magnetic fields and plasma currents. Plasma current is induced by a transformer, with the central magnetic coil acting as the primary winding and the plasma as the secondary winding. The heating provided by the plasma current (known as Ohmic heating) supplies up to a third of the 100 million degrees Celsius temperature required to make fusion occur. Additional plasma heating is provided by neutral beam injection. In this process, neutral hydrogen atoms are injected at high speed into the plasma, ionized and trapped by the magnetic field. As they are slowed down, they transfer their energy to the plasma and heat it. Radiofrequency heating is also used to heat the plasma. High-frequency oscillating currents are induced in the plasma by external coils or waveguides. The frequencies are chosen to match regions where the energy absorption is very high (resonances). In this way, large amounts of power may be transferred to the plasma. Why fusion Power is needed By 2050, it is expected that will be a rise in global population from six billion to nine billion and better living standards could lead to a two to threefold increase in energy consumption. At this point in time, 80% of the developed worlds energy comes from fossil fuels. The ever increasing dependency on fossil fuels for generating power has lead to things such as global warming and acid rain and other damaging effects on our health and on the world we live in. Achieving fusion power Fusion is expected to become a major part of the energy mix during the second half of this century because it is seen by so many as being the â€Å"silver bullet† to the l energy problems which is currently plaguing the world . With sufficient funding, the first fusion power plant could be operating in the 2040s. To achieve this, first a series of development steps need to be taken, which are set out in the European fusion roadmap, published in 2013. CCFE is working with its counterparts around Europe to implement this plan, which would see fusion power on the grid by 2050. ITER is the next major international fusion experiment and a crucial step towards achieving commercial fusion energy. It is expected to prove the feasibility of electricity generation from fusion by releasing in the region of 500 megawattsof fusion power (from a 50 megawattinput) for up to 500 seconds. It will be the first fusion experiment to produce net power – ten times more than the amount required to heat the plasma. Demonstration Once the scientific and engineering systems have been tested on ITER, the next stage will be to build a demonstration fusion power plant which will integrate the finding of the research . Designs are already advanced for this prototype machine, known as ‘DEMO. The demonstration is expected to produce in the region of two gig wattsof electrical power to the grid, a similar output to a standard electrical power plant, and could be online in the 2040s. If these trials are successful, it will lead to the first generation of commercial fusion power stations being put into commission. Advantages of fusion power The world needs new, cleaner ways to meet our ever increasing energy demand, as concerns grow over climate change and declining supplies of fossil fuels. Power stations using fusion would have a number of advantages: No carbon emissions. The only by-products of fusion reactions are small amounts of helium, which is an inert gas that will not add to atmospheric pollution. Abundant fuels. Deuterium can be extracted from water and tritium is produced from lithium, which is found in the earths crust. Fuel supplies will therefore last for millions of years. Energy efficiency. One kilogram of fusion fuel can provide the same amount of energy as 10 million kilograms of fossil fuel. No long-lived radioactive waste. Only plant components become radioactive and these will be safe to recycle or dispose of conventionally within 100 years. Safety. The small amounts of fuel used in fusion devices (about the weight of a postage stamp at any one time) means that a large-scale nuclear accident is not possible. Reliable power. Fusion power plants should provide a baseload supply of large amounts of electricity, at costs that are estimated to be broadly similar to other energy sources. Disadvantages of fusion power Unproven on a large commercial scale. No full scale production expected till at least 2050 The power plants would be expensive to build Requires extremely high temperatures. Could produce a net negative amount of energy If cold fusion could be achieved, it would be much easier to implement. The billions in research funding could be spent on renewables instead What is Cold Fusion? Cold fusion describes a form of energy generated when hydrogen interacts with various metals like nickel and palladium. Cold fusion is a field of condensed matter nuclear science CMNS, and is also called low-energy nuclear reactions LENR, lattice-assisted nuclear reactions LANR, nickel-hydrogen exothermic reactions Ni-H, and quantum fusion. The name cold fusion comes from the idea that the temperatures involved are relatively ( room temperature in some instances) low in comparison to those of a fusion reactor which are in excess of a few thousand degrees. Cold fusion gained attention after reports in 1989 by Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann, at the time one of worlds leading electrochemists,[1] that their apparatus had produced excess heat, of a magnitude they asserted would defy explanation except in terms of nuclear processes. They further reported measuring small amounts of nuclear reaction byproducts, including neutrons and tritium.[2] The small tabletop experiment involved electrolysis of heavy water on the surface of a palladium (Pd) electrode. The reported results received wide media attention,[3] and raised hopes of a cheap and abundant source of energy.[4] Many scientists tried to replicate the experiment with the few details available. Hopes fell with the large number of negative replications, the withdrawal of many positive replications, the discovery of flaws and sources of experimental error in the original experiment, and finally the discovery that Fleischmann and Pons had not actually detected nuclear reaction byproducts. In 1989, a review panel organized by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) found that the evidence for the discovery of a new nuclear process was not persuasive enough to start a special program, but was sympathetic toward modest support for experiments within thke present funding system. Pons and Fleischmann, skipped the typical route of publishing their study and results in a peer-reviewed science journal because of the pressure they were under from the university of Utah to secure a patent for this potential cash cow which could bring the university a significant amount media attention and flame for the Pons and Fleischmann, instead they take it directly to the press and public. Because they decided to take a unconvential root as to how they published their finding that lead others to question how authentic the information they were being given was. When many scientists from around the world tried to replicate the results from Pons’ without any success and questions began to be asked about the accuracy of the data which they had collected from their cold fusion experiment and this is what ultimately lead to their downfall. Recent developments in cold fusion Andrea Rossi a Italian scientist has said to have created a device called Energy Catalyser (E-cat for short) , is said to be a device â€Å"which purports to use cold fusion to generate vast amounts of power has been verified by a panel of independent scientists†. The research paper, which hasn’t gone through undergone peer review as of yet, seems to confirm both the existence of cold fusion, and its potency: The cold fusion device being tested has roughly 10,000 times the energy density and 1,000 times the power density of gasoline.

The Significance of System Cybernetics for Contemporary Philosophy- Post-Modernity in System Cybernetics :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

The Significance of System Cybernetics for Contemporary Philosophy- Post-Modernity in System Cybernetics ABSTRACT: I call the union of cybernetics and systems theory 'Systems Cybernetics.' Cybernetics and systems theory might be thought of a major source of today's striking development in cyber-technology, the science of complex adaptive systems, and so on. Since their genesis about the middle of this century, these two have gradually come to be connected with each other such that they have now formed an integrative theory which can be called Systems Cybernetics. This article pays attention to its aspects which are often overlooked, but which have profound significance for contemporary philosophy and our handling of various problems posed by modern societies. I insist that the dominant factors of European modernization are primarily economic and technological, though modernity has often been characterized by philosophical and scientific rationalism. I also insist that there are several problems which deserve particular attention but are made invisible by the economic and technological i nclination of the modern mind. In such a context, the problem of reductionism in modern science and the concept of subject detached from its surroundings are discussed. In order to cope with these problems, main theories of System Cybernetics are applied. Post-modern System Cybernetics — which will be illustrated — is also expected to play an active part. Foreword I am Japanese, and now feel keenly that Japan has been under an accelerating modernization. For example, we are now facing to so-called cyber-revolution, financial Big Ban and so on. On the other hand, the international conference for preventing the temperature rising of the earth caused by carbon dioxide was held in Kyoto just in December, 1997. These situations have made me convinced more and more firmly that system cybernetics has a particular significance for our consideration of the problems in modernization. I specialize in philosophy of science ('theory of science' in a more exact expression), and have long been interested in N. Wiener's cybernetics as well as General System Theory founded by L. von Bertalanffy, while proposing for a decade or so to call the union of these two 'system cybernetics'. In this paper, the significance of system cybernetics in dealing with the problems related to modernization, and its post-modernity as well, will be discussed, together with its relation to philosophy. I am very grateful for the opportunity of submitting this article which may be published just in 1998, the fiftieth memorial year since the publication of Wiener's book, Cybernetics.

Marriage vs. cohabitation

Marriage is the foundation of family formation in most contemporary societies. It is a contract arrangement that is binding and legally recognized. Cohabitation on the other hand, mimics the structure of a marriage with the exception of legal impediments. In some countries common law relationships are recognized, complete with the legal ramifications in the event of dissolution. However, some societies are hesitant to accord due recognition for cohabitation arrangements for fear that it would undermine the institution of marriage. Studies Conducted In many social researches conducted on relationships, it was found that more couples are resorting to cohabitation arrangements in recent years. In the United States, an increase from 10 percent to 56 percent was noted favoring cohabitation over marriage. The statistics compared was between 1974 and 1994. (The verdict on Cohabitation vs. marriage, 2001) There are many reasons why couples opt for cohabitation arrangements over marriage. First, it is easier to enter into and dissolve. Second, it proposes a more liberated approach to the partnership. It is perceived to endorse a â€Å"freer lifestyle.† (Ambert, 2005, p6) Third, couples cohabiting are not pressured to stay together. Finally, cohabitation is contracted for economic reasons. Comparison Comparing marriage and cohabitation, the question of commitment is most malleable in cohabitation. Although the social structure of both appeared to be the same, it is in the philosophical approach where they differ. The â€Å"freer lifestyle† of cohabitation arrangements raises the questions of fidelity on both partners. The couple is less secure compared to married couples. Exclusivity in this case is missing in cohabitation arrangements. Legality of Marriage Marriage as a legally recognized institution is a binding contract. Once entered into, the couple is expected to fulfill obligations such as financial, child-rearing responsibilities, commitment to care for each other â€Å"in sickness or in health, till death do us part†. Marriage has a sense of permanency compared to the transient nature of cohabitation. In case a marriage is dissolved, appropriate legal measures are applied. The wife can demand from the husband legally for child support and indemnity when the law finds it appropriate. While marriage and cohabitation are generally accepted in society, many would still favor that the relationship be legally recognized. In more conservative societies, cohabitation is an aberration and couples are pressured into legalizing the union. Marriage involves formal ceremonies and social recognition while cohabitation does not. Consequences of Cohabitation In the aspect of dissolution of unions, cohabiting couples are more likely to separate than married couples. In the event cohabitation progresses into a marriage, the dissolution of the union is attributed to the permissive nature of cohabitation. The same attitude is carried into the legalized relationship thus insecurity, commitment and fidelity affects the relationship. Cohabiting couples favor divorce a solution to marital conflicts when compared to married couples. Economic Issues Economically, married couples are better off compared to non-married ones. The nature of marriage unifies the financial resources of the couple while for cohabiting couple autonomy is still expected. Financial spending and planning decisions in married couples are combined efforts while that provision is missing in cohabiting couples. Conclusion In essence, both married and cohabiting couples follow the same social structure except cohabitation does not carry the legal impediments of a marriage. Social acceptability of cohabitation remains mixed as conservative societies still frown on the arrangement for moral and legal grounds. Most would still encourage cohabiting couples to legalize their relationship. While autonomous and liberal philosophies accentuate cohabitation arrangements, they are not enough to prevent dissolution and solve problems that are outcomes of the arrangement. The legally binding nature of marriage deters couples from ending the union because of selfish and whimsical motives. The legal recognition ensures that the social foundation of family remains intact. References Ambert, A. (2005). Cohabitation and marriage: How are they related? The Vanier Institute of the Family. Retrieved 30 May 2007 The verdict on Cohabitation vs. marriage (2001) Retrieved 30 May 2007 Related essay: â€Å"My Ideal Wife†

Influence Of African And European Music On The New World

Jazz is an art form which developed completely in the new world. However, the influence of African and European music spread due to immigration, slavery and trade. Jazz has a complex history which has roots in a diverse range of musical genres. Many factors which affected the development of jazz were intentional. However, many were also circumstantial, and as a result, gave jazz unique elements which otherwise would not be present. Jazz has two main genres of music which influenced it: Western military marches and traditional music which came from Africa and was developed by African Slaves. African slaves, while stripped of most of their culture, were usually allowed to sing vocal songs as they were shown to help get work done. These field hymns originated from the traditional musical practices in Africa, and developed over time. As slaves began setting up escape routes and converting to Christianity, their songs developed coded messages, usually using religious stories such as the E xodus as metaphors for running away. These songs always stayed true to African harmonies, melodies, and rhythms. On the Western side, marching bands were important from the begining of America. At the start of the 19th century, many blacks began being drafted to be musicians in these marching bands. They played an important role in directing the troops in various wars, such as the war of 1812 and the Civil War. After the end of the Civil War, there were many brass instruments in the hands ofShow MoreRelatedJazz And Jazz Culture1273 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is culture? What is African culture? What is Jazz music and where did it come from? How can one culture, in a sense, impact the musical landscape of the whole Western world and eventually assimilate into ‘pop’ culture? If we want to truly understand jazz and it’s concepts, we have to navigate through history and explore it’s roots. Simply put, jazz is African American music, and the genre, as we know, formed in New Orleans. However, the origins of jazz started well before then, in Africa. TheRead MoreNew Orleans : A Unique City With Its Own Unmistakable Culture964 Words   |  4 Pages New Orleans is a unique city with its own unmistakable culture. It is unlike any other city in the United States with its vivid colors, mixed architecture, and festivals you can’t celebrate anywhere else. New Orleans was created from the port that made it attractive to other people to settle down in. Geographically, it could be considered a part of the Caribbean, since it is in such close proximity to the islands. In fact, it is closely connected to the Caribbean islands in so many different aspectsRead More The Jazz Age Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pages The Jazz music of the Big Band Era was the peak of over thirty years of musical development. Jazz was so innovative and different that it could literally sweep the world, changing the musical styles of nearly every country. Big band Jazz that makes the feet tap and the heart race with exc itement that it is recognized with nearly every type of music. The musical and cultural revolution that brought about Jazz was a direct result of African-Americans pursuing careers in the arts following the UnitedRead MoreSlavery and The Tropicalia Movement in Brazil1025 Words   |  4 Pagesnearly four million Africans were taken from Ghana, Nigeria, Angola, Congo and Mozambique to be forced into slavery in Brazil’s sugar plantations and mining industries. The slave trade was eradicated in 1850, and by 1871 the Brazilian legislature passed the Law of the Free Womb. This law was designed to grant freedom to slave’s newborn children and served as a precursor to the abolition of slavery in 1888. They made home for themselves in Brazil, as it had the largest amount of African diaspora. FormerRead MoreA Diverse World Of Today Essay1606 Words   |  7 Pages Imagine a diverse world of today compared to the culture in Africa. The African culture has evolved in many ways due to the adapting influences from other places throughout the nineteenth and twentieth century. Culture is a noun like change or habits showing the origins behaviors, physical, social and cultural developing the human way of life. Anthropologist studied prehistoric people and their culture throughout Africa. In this area, the Anthropologists referred to the Colonial government toRead MoreEssay On Salsa1201 Words   |  5 PagesCuban music to that of Puerto Rico and the combination of the jazz culture of New York City. Salsa means ‘sauce, meaning that the name was derived from a strongly flavored sauce. The name was appropriate since salsa music is a ‘sauce’ because of the mixture of other styles of Cuban music with a Puerto Rican influence Salsa dance was born after the slaves were given freedom to dance to their rhythms on the streets. Those people who performed these dances were known as ‘sonterios. The music had aRead MoreEssay on Merengue - A vivid Kaleidoscope758 Words   |  4 Pagesa single drum. These types of music which find their origin in African influence have developed into a meshwork of individual sounds and have grown to be identified with a particular culture. An example of such can be seen in the evolution and history of one of these, Merengue. This type of dance is native to the Carribean, however, it has developed and taken its precedence in the Dominican Republic. This Carribean nation has been crucial to the spread of this music on an international level. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;EvenRead MoreThe Origin Of African American Music1462 Words   |  6 Pagesorigin of African-American music Nowadays, the United States has the largest music market in the world. Inheriting from the European tradition music from the European immigrants, American music has been deeply influenced by African-American music in both rhythmic and lyrical styles. African-American music includes a diverse range of music genres, such as blues, hip hop, jazz which are developed by African Americans. although these forms of African-American music may different a lot in music style,Read MoreAfrican Culture : Africa Is A Mystery1378 Words   |  6 PagesJulmisse 10/22/15 African Culture Africa is located in the south of the Mediterranean Sea and Europe with the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. For most people, Africa is a mystery, a dream, a place often gives people unlimited reveries. where the dense lush tropical rainforest, the world s most vast expanse of the Sahara, there is quaint rough customs, as well as their rich flavor food. To me, before I really search African, I thought that the African countries areRead MoreThe History, Criticism And Theory Of The Arts935 Words   |  4 Pagesjurisprudence; philosophy; archaeology; comparative religion; ethics; the history, criticism and theory of the arts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"What Are the Humanities?†). This definition can be used to analyze the African continent; the practices and various cultural aspects that can be found in America, in particular in the African American population; as well as the international relations, and history. Interviewees were asked different quest ions about Africa, for example, how has Africa influenced American culture and

Cause and Effect of World War II - 880 Words

World War 2 was the biggest war to ever take place in the existence of mankind. without world war 2 our world would not be nearly advanced as it is now, the war caused advances in technology, weaponry, and the most important the atomic bomb. The beginning of WW2 began during 1939, however before this date there had been a few other conflicts in Asia that most people believe actually started the war.world war 2 had one of the biggest influences on how the world functions in todays world. There are four main reason as to why the second world war was started these four things are The Treaty of versailles, the League of Nations failed to keep peace, Appeasement encourage aggression, and Hitler was Expansionist. A famous author, named David Irving , stated this about Hitler, â€Å"From the first day that he seized power, January 30, 1933, Hitler knew that only sudden death awaited him if he failed to restore pride and empire to post-Versailles Germany†(1989). The Treaty of Versailles is the number one reason that the war was caused. This is due to the fact that many historians say that it was a failure. The Treaty made germany limit the German army to 100,000 men (unbelievably small number for a great power) and only 6 battleships without any submarines or air force (later Britain introduced a separate agreement allowed Germany to increase its navy up to 35% of the size of Britains Grand Fleet). Germany lost all the colonies gained during Weltpolitik, they were becameShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of World War II1370 Words   |  6 PagesCauses and Effects of World War II World War II has been considered one of the worst things to ever occur in history. Violence, death and aggression took place in the 1930s and 1940s in certain European nations. German leader, Hitler played an important, yet a very big role during this time. With the rise and domination of fascism in Germany and Italy, the goal was to maintain peace, established by the Treaty of Versailles ended up in major disaster. World War II began with the poor economic conditionsRead MoreThe Cause And Effects Of The World War II1291 Words   |  6 PagesAn Pham Mr. Grosse World History Research Paper February 10, 2017 The Cause and Effects of the World War II The world has changed since that day, September 1, 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, the start of World War 2. There were many fluctuations in economic terms as well as the politics of some powerful countries in the world also started from there. This is a catastrophic world war between the Allied forces and the Axis under fascism. Although this war just lasted in 6 years,Read MoreThe Causes and Effects of World War II Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II was fought between two main opposing forces, the Allies and the Axis forces. The Axis powers consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan being the most dominant. On the other hand, some of the countries in the Allied powers were Great Britain, the United States, France, Australia, New Zealand, India, the Soviet Union, Canada, and Greece. Adolph Hitler became head of Germany’s National Socialists Party in July of 1921. By 1933 the once unknown Hitler was given dictatorial power. AsRead MoreThe War I And World War II1660 Words   |  7 Pagesin thehistory of the world were World War I and World War II. World War I occurred from 1914 to 1918. World War I was caused by militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism and assassination (MANIA). The first four causations were more of a build-up to it. Then, once the Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, the buildup was sparked. This can be compared to pouring gasoline on the ground and then lighting it on fire. World War II occurred from 1939 to 1945.World War II was caused by the discontentRead MoreThe Causes Of The First World War1395 Words   |  6 PagesThe causes of the First World War were similar and differed from the causes of the Second World War politically, economically, and socially. Both of these significant, historical events were substantia lly affected by the interaction of dominating societies during this time period. During the First World War, these leading societies were the European authorities of Britain, Germany, and Austria, with slight assistance from the U.S. However, the United States allocated their full engagement duringRead MoreIn The Modern Era, Technology Has Become The Driving Force1699 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world and has led to many positive advancements, however when incorporating technological advancements into war, it can be said that technology has had more negative effects rather than positive ones. 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CARD Report For Literature With Sample - 1156 Words

Card Report You will be writing a card report for each of the novels you have read. A card report is a way of analyzing a fictional work into its several elements. It is called a card report because it has often been done on a 5 by 8-inch index card. This report is a preliminary analysis of the novel. This is not only an assignment in analyzing literature but also in writing. You do not have much time or space, and so every word counts. On your report you should include the following: 1. The title of the story and the date of its original publication 2. The author s name and birth and death dates. 3. The name of the central character, together with a description of the character s main traits or features. 4.†¦show more content†¦Tone: The tone is light and humorous throughout much of the novel because of Huck’s point of view and his innocent view of many things, but the tone is serious, ironic, and critical whenever Huck encounters violence and death. Theme: One thing that makes an individual mature is to gain insight into the darker side of human beings. Style: Twain’s style is marked by the dialects of his characters, by the symbolism of the river and the shore and of Huck’s actions. The dialects help make the characters seem more like real people. The river and the shore motifs come to symbolize Twain’s view of society. Evaluation: Although the dialect of some of the characters takes some getting use to, I enjoy this book. This is an American classic, filled with humor but critical of people who can be so civilized and so cruel at the same time. It is a boy’s adventurous coming of age that celebrates the individual spirit of America and the romantic vision of innocence and virtue in nature. Quotations: â€Å"You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft.† p. 92 This is Huck’s observation about the difference between living on the shore and living on the river. â€Å"If I never learnt nothing else out of pap, I learnt that the best way to get along with his kind of people is to let them have their own way.† p. 99. Huck makes this observation when the Duke and King force their way on to the raft. ItShow MoreRelatedThe Advantages of Virtual Oscilloscopes1324 Words   |  5 Pagesjob sites to monitor working conditions at the same time. To reduce the cost of the system, the data acquisition was done using built in sound card of the PC in place of DAC. This work was done using LABVIEW as the GUI and also included interface to the soundcard using protection circuits. The only drawback in such a system is the bandwidth. 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Analysis of the Behavioral Decision Making Theory free essay sample

Analysis of the Behavioral Decision Making Theory| Introduction: For many of us, when we take a look at a multinational corporation, we become fascinated by its image, such as its revenue, massive head quarters, the span of chains it has in different countries etc. We tend to judge by its magazine features and attributes. We measure the company’s success based on those attributes. However, success for every company, no matter the size, always starts from the interior. In order to become reputable, the company needs to have skilled workers, solid internal resources, plenty of capital, and most important managers and executive leaders. In general it’s the company’s strength of management that determines how the company will operate. The theory of management can be traced back to the times of the pyramids in Egypt. As time went by, different ideals and perspectives about management emerged. One of the most notable was during the 1950’s, when a man named Herbert Simon laid the foundation for a management theory based on a psychological perspective: The Behavioral Decision making theory. In short, the theory emphasized that, managers don’t have all the information on all possible consequences and alternatives, created from their decisions. From this perspective, this theory can be applied to any professional setting. The fact is every manager, in every company has to go through this cognitive limitation process, when it comes to decision making, which makes this theory applicable and true in its terms. Biography/History: Herbert Simon as a child was educated in the Milwaukee’s public system schools where he started to develop interests in science. His parents seemed to have the most influence on his extra ordinary thinking. They installed in him, to be curious, and to question the unthinkable. Upon graduating high school, Simon attended The University of Chicago and pursued a degree in political science. During his tenure at The University of Chicago, Simon was able â€Å"to conduct a study of the administration of the Milwaukee Recreation Department. It was this study that later on inspired him to focus on how administrators made decisions† (Gale Group, 2008). It was then, he became dissatisfied with the traditional decision making theories models such as the Comprehensive rational, and began to further analyze decision making. After graduating from the University of Chicago, Simon was hired by the International City Managers Association and began to be recognized as an expert. Simon described, the most important years of his scientific career between the years 1955-1956. It was during this time that Simon along with Allen Newell and Clifford Shaw began using computers to study problem-solving behavior† (Gale Group, 2008). While doing this, they would observe individuals as they worked through problems, and recorded the subject’s explanations on those logical problems. They would than input the feedback into a computer program. â€Å"Together, Simon, Allen, and Shaw developed Logic Theorist and General Problem Solver, the first computer programs to simulate human reasoning in solving problems† (Gale Group, 2008). This work was at the foundation of the developing field of artificial intelligence and would later lead to him write the second version of Administrative Behavior, which laid the foundations of bounded rationality. For his ground breaking research, Simon received offers to teach at Carnegie Mellon University, where he structured their School of Business Administration, however his greatest accomplishment would come in â€Å"1978 when he received the Nobel Peace Prize, in economic science for his research into the decision-making process within organizations† (Gale Group, 2008). Simon passed away at the age of 84, in 2001. He will always be remembered as the originator of Bounded rationality, and a man that stood for science and discovery. Summary of Management Technique: Taking a further look into the basis of the Behavioral Decision Making theory, it seems as if human behavior is strongly influenced by motives, there is always a motivation force generated by some purpose, which can be the foundation on why a person makes a decision. The combination of incentives and consequences determine why we make certain decisions. When Alfred Simon created the foundation of the behavioral management theory, he seemed to put a lot of emphasis on one term: Bounded Rationality. By definition it is stated to mean â€Å"managers attempt to make rational decision, but their thinking is constrained by human limitations† (Hitt, Black, amp; Porter, 2009). In general the term itself is a property of decision making that reflects on manager’s cognitive limitations. John DW Morecroft, professor at Sloan School of Management, at the Massachusetts School of Technology, states that â€Å"individuals faced with complex decisions are unable to make rational decisions because they can’t generate an feasible alternative and collect or process information that will permit and predict all consequences of their future decisions† (Morecroft, 1985). In a sense as humans, we lack that cognitive ability to asses every single alternative, and consequences, that can lead to the perfect decision. Manager’s cognitive limitation aren’t the only factor that delays the decision making process, and causes them to decide on the least viable solution, many other factors come into play. For example the nature of the company itself plays a large role, on what types of decisions need to be made. A high tech IT company has to make rapid decisions constantly because it is in a very demanding environment, where technology/equipment is always improving. There are some external factors as well as internal factors that come into play when making decision, both need to be analyzed before any rational decision can be made. Some external factors are the environment that the company is surrounded by. For example different laws and regulations in different countries can prevent managers to make prime decisions, also economic and transportation factors can create huge discrepancies that can create large amount of delays. Internally one must look at the company itself. What kind of procedures and norms has it established? Or does the company have the resources such as financial or capital or human, to allow a certain decision to be further monitored and implemented? The manager himself is a factor alone. Meaning does this particular manager have the experience? Is a new manager fresh out of college or a senior level executive? What types of values does the manager hold? What kind of stress and pressure is the manager in? Are his decision usually structured or unstructured? Another major factor that comes into play during decision making is technology. Herbert Simon himself stated â€Å"technology enhances our abilities to accomplish our goals, it provides alternative routes, it makes us aware of new needs, allows us to set new visions, and it’s a tool that allows us to analyze and understand complex systems† (Simon, 1973). The word technology doesn’t always have to relate to computers or machines, it can also be considered to be knowledge and resources. The more technology a company has the more options a manager has to make a stronger educated decision. There are many factors that affect decision making. But Managers have founded many ways to get around these factors. Companies work together to create a more effective way to allow for employees and managers to decide on future decisions. â€Å"The reason why good decisions are made is due to specialization and narrowing of decision making response that occur in those organizations† (Morecroft, 1985) this statement implies that the most common organizational process for simplifying decision making come from team work and fluid communication, along with â€Å"factoring, creating goals and incentives, having authority and culture, sticking with routine, and satisfying† (Morecroft, 1985). In simple terms, factoring is a term of networking ideas throughout the organization; it’s a way to get everyone involved, to get more ideas and alternatives flowing. Naturally humans are goal oriented; we set goals on specific terms, which determine what information is considered important in making our decisions and what can be left behind. The more goals managers set that are accomplishable, and the more that are achieved results in greater source of morale and motivation, which is used to tackle on new issues and problems within an organization. The most common way that managers simplify the decision making process is through satisficing. Meaning that managers accept the first alternative that meets the minimal requirements, rather than pushing further. When it comes to satisficing, managers also rely on heuristics or past experiences that can relate to high levels of success. Managers don’t plan to spend all of their time on particular problem, and in most cases managers that are more experienced than others usually try to relate current situations with previous ones and compare the information they have to make an acceptable choice of action. In an environment which emphasizes efficient decision making and implementing them on a precise time frame, satisficing seems the best way to go, instead of trying to find the perfect alternative solution. Industry Applications: In terms of real world applications, the Behavioral Decision making theory is one that is applicable to every firm or company. The reason being, every manager/executive will go through some reasoning limitations when put in a position to make an important decision. Different managers might come up with solutions faster than others, but they also might have more experience, and a structured environment. But in a world where everything is rapidly changing, improving, and developing, time is money so decisions need to be made to optimize every opportunity at hand. A manager’s responsibility is to make decisions at times of concern, no matter what company, big or small; it’s a universal job description. The Behavioral Decision making theory simply explains that, the decision process isn’t always as easy and smooth as it seems on paper.